ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2013
Environmental confounding in gene-environment interaction studies.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Pooled analysis of the HLA-DRB1 by smoking interaction in Parkinson disease.Annals of neurology · 2017Pooled it
- Interaction between genes and macronutrient intake on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes: systematic review and findings from European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-InterAct.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2017Pooled it
- Gene-Environment Interplay Beyond Interactions: Psychosocial Environments Mediate Genetic Effects Underlying Externalizing-Behavior Trajectories.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Nutrition in early life interacts with genetic risk to influence preadult behaviour in the Raine Study.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Small data, big challenges: Machine- and deep-learning strategies for data-limited drug discovery.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- On the relationship between genes and environment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Understanding and applying gene-environment interactions: a guide for nutrition professionals with an emphasis on integration in African research settings.Nutrition reviews · 2025Review
- Article
- Characterization of Additive Gene-environment Interactions For Colorectal Cancer Risk.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Risk factors affecting polygenic score performance across diverse cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- A Genetic Locus within the FMN1/GREM1 Gene Region Interacts with Body Mass Index in Colorectal Cancer Risk.Cancer research · 2023Article
- Genome-wide Interaction Study with Smoking for Colorectal Cancer Risk Identifies Novel Genetic Loci Related to Tumor Suppression, Inflammation, and Immune Response.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Genes, exposures, and interactions on preterm birth risk: an exploratory study in an Argentine population.Journal of community genetics · 2022Article
- Genome-wide interaction analysis of menopausal hormone therapy use and breast cancer risk among 62,370 women.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Polygenic scores, diet quality, and type 2 diabetes risk: An observational study among 35,759 adults from 3 US cohorts.PLoS medicine · 2022Observational
- Testing gene-environment interactions in the presence of confounders and mismeasured environmental exposures.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Article
- Long-term antibiotic use during early life and risks to mental traits: an observational study and gene-environment-wide interaction study in UK Biobank cohort.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Observational
- Cross-sectional association between soda consumption and body mass index in a community-based sample of twins.Nutrition journal · 2017Article
- Impact of home visit capacity on genetic association studies of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We show that, in the presence of uncontrolled environmental confounding, joint tests for the presence of a main genetic effect and gene-environment interaction will be biased if the genetic and environmental factors are correlated, even if there is no effect of either the genetic factor or the environmental factor on the disease. When environmental confounding is ignored, such tests will in fact reject the joint null of no genetic effect with a probability that tends to 1 as the sample size increases. This problem with the joint test vanishes under gene-environment independence, but it still persists if estimating the gene-environment interaction parameter itself is of interest. Uncontrolled environmental confounding will bias estimates of gene-environment interaction parameters even under gene-environment independence, but it will not do so if the unmeasured confounding variable itself does not interact with the genetic factor. Under gene-environment independence, if the interaction parameter without controlling for the environmental confounder is nonzero, then there is gene-environment interaction either between the genetic factor and the environmental factor of interest or between the genetic factor and the unmeasured environmental confounder. We evaluate several recently proposed joint tests in a simulation study and discuss the implications of these results for the conduct of gene-environment interaction studies.
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Registered trials
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