ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2013
Hemodynamic adjustments during breath-holding in trained divers.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cardiovascular, respiratory and splenic responses to rebreathing and apnoea during exercise.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Interplay between cognitive conditions and individual traits in voluntary apnea.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- A century of anti-G straining maneuvers. Are there further changes in AGSM physical training that can improve +Gz tolerance? A scoping review.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Assessment of arrhythmias and heart rate response in healthy adolescents performing face immersion and body submersion in ice-cold water.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Time courses for pulmonary oxygen uptake and cardiovascular responses are similar during apnea in resting humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Autonomic dysfunction as a possible cause of sudden cardiac death in swimming sports.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses are augmented during apnea compared to rebreathing in humans.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- A century of exercise physiology: key concepts on coupling respiratory oxygen flow to muscle energy demand during exercise.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Review
- Assessment of respiratory effort with EMG extracted from ECG recordings during prolonged breath holds: Insights into obstructive apnea and extreme physiology.Physiological reports · 2021Article
- Baroreflex responses during dry resting and exercise apnoeas in air and pure oxygen.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Exponential Relationship Between Maximal Apnea Duration and Exercise Intensity in Non-apnea Trained Individuals.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Heart Rate and Muscle Oxygenation Kinetics During Dynamic Constant Load Intermittent Breath-Holds.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2016Article
- Modeling the diving bradycardia: Toward an "oxygen-conserving breaking point"?European journal of applied physiology · 2015Article
- Regulation of brain blood flow and oxygen delivery in elite breath-hold divers.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeVoluntary breath-holding (BH) elicits several hemodynamic changes, but little is known about maximal static immersed-body BH. We hypothesized that the diving reflex would be strengthened with body immersion and would spare more oxygen than maximal dry static BH, resulting in a longer BH duration.
methodsEleven trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) performed a maximal dry-body BH and a maximal immersed-body BH. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), contractility index (CTI), and ventricular ejection time (VET) were continuously recorded by bio-impedancemetry (PhysioFlow PF-05). Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was assessed with a finger probe oximeter.
resultsIn both conditions, BHDs presented a bi-phasic kinetic for CO and a tri-phasic kinetic for SV and HR. In the first phase of immersed-body BH and dry-body BH, results (mean ± SD) expressed as percentage changes from starting values showed decreased CO (55.9 ± 10.4 vs. 39.3 ± 16.8 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions), due to drops in both SV (24.9 ± 16.2 vs. 9.0 ± 8.5 %, respectively; p < 0.05 between conditions) and HR (39.7 ± 16.7 vs. 33.6 ± 17.0 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions). The second phase was marked by an overall stabilization of hemodynamic variables. In the third one, CO kept stabilizing due to increased SV (17.0 ± 20.2 vs. 10.9 ± 13.8 %, respectively; p < 0.05 between conditions) associated with a second HR drop (14.0 ± 10.0 vs. 12.7 ± 8.9 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions).
conclusionThis study highlights similar time-course patterns for cardiodynamic variables during dry-body and immersed-body BH, although the phenomenon was more pronounced in the latter condition.
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