ArticleNature communications2013
Bacterial colonization dampens influenza-mediated acute lung injury via induction of M2 alveolar macrophages.
Article in Nature communications, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 246 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Respiratory Microbiomes in Influenza Versus Other Respiratory Infections: Systematic Review and Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Pneumococcal colonization impairs mucosal immune responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine.JCI insight · 2021Trial
- Beyond Pathogens: Modulating the Commensal Microbiota to Reshape Immunity for Respiratory Disease Intervention.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Alveolar macrophages undergo postnatal transition from a hyperphagocytic and proinflammatory profile to a tolerogenic profile.iScience · 2026Article
- Type 2 immune history imprints local training in nerve and airway associated interstitial macrophages (NAMs) for disease tolerance during lethal respiratory viral infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Pathogens as commensals: microbial priming of the immune system and heterologous protection.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2026Review
- Antiviral activity of Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease against bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 in vitro.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Microbiota-induced EI24 improves homeostasis but impedes function of alveolar macrophages via metabolic regulation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Changes in Nasal and Oral Microbiome and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles in Response to Human Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases by tuning immune response: insight from host-microbial crosstalk.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- The emerging role of microbiota in lung cancer: a new perspective on lung cancer development and treatment.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Oral Administration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri KBL346 Ameliorates Influenza Virus A/PR8 Infection in Mouse.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Exploring the Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Potential of Gecko-Derived Cathelicidin Gj-CATH5.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- TLR7 deficiency enhances inflammation in the URT but reduces LRT immunity following influenza A infection.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Alveolar and Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages Differ in Metabolism and Glutamine Utilization.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- The intricate interplay among microbiota, mucosal immunity, and viral infection in the respiratory tract.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Deciphering the therapeutic effects of Xiyanping injection: insights into pulmonary and gut microbiome modulation, SerpinB2/PAI-2 targeting, and alleviation of influenza a virus-induced lung injury.Virology journal · 2025Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the presence of airway bacteria is known to be associated with improved immunity against influenza virus, the mechanism by which endogenous microbiota influence antiviral immunity remains unclear. Here we show that specific pathogen-free mice are more sensitive to influenza-mediated death than mice living in a natural environment. Priming with Toll-like receptor 2-ligand(+) Staphylococcus aureus, which commonly colonizes the upper respiratory mucosa, significantly attenuates influenza-mediated lung immune injury. Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency or alveolar macrophage depletion abolishes this protection. S. aureus priming recruits peripheral CCR2(+)CD11b(+) monocytes into the alveoli that polarize to M2 alveolar macrophages in an environment created by Toll-like receptor 2 signalling. M2 alveolar macrophages inhibit influenza-mediated lethal inflammation via anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibitory ligands. Our results suggest a previously undescribed mechanism by which the airway microbiota may protect against influenza-mediated lethal inflammation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.