Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23820856›Full record

ReviewJournal of computational neuroscience2014

Synergy, redundancy, and multivariate information measures: an experimentalist's perspective.

Nicholas Timme, Wesley Alford, Benjamin Flecker, John M Beggs

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of computational neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
86citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

86 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  5. Structural signatures of synergy and redundancy in human brain function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
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  10. Broadband synergy versus oscillatory redundancy in the visual cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  11. Toward a unified taxonomy of information dynamics via Integrated Information Decomposition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
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  15. Article
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26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Nicholas TimmeDepartment of Physics, Indiana University,, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7105, USA, nmtimme@umail.iu.edu.
Wesley Alford
Benjamin Flecker
John M Beggs

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Information theory has long been used to quantify interactions between two variables. With the rise of complex systems research, multivariate information measures have been increasingly used to investigate interactions between groups of three or more variables, often with an emphasis on so called synergistic and redundant interactions. While bivariate information measures are commonly agreed upon, the multivariate information measures in use today have been developed by many different groups, and differ in subtle, yet significant ways. Here, we will review these multivariate information measures with special emphasis paid to their relationship to synergy and redundancy, as well as examine the differences between these measures by applying them to several simple model systems. In addition to these systems, we will illustrate the usefulness of the information measures by analyzing neural spiking data from a dissociated culture through early stages of its development. Our aim is that this work will aid other researchers as they seek the best multivariate information measure for their specific research goals and system. Finally, we have made software available online which allows the user to calculate all of the information measures discussed within this paper.

Indexed as

Information TheoryModels, NeurologicalAction PotentialsAnimalsElectronic Data ProcessingEntropyHumansNeuronsProbability

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.