ArticlePLoS pathogens2013
Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus infections in mallards may explain existence of multiple virus subtypes.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural insights into antibody responses against influenza A virus in its natural reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Long-term immune responses induced by low-dose infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can protect mallards from reinfection with a heterologous strain.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Ducks and Introduction of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Tennessee, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus (IAV) in Blue-Winged Teal in the Mississippi Flyway Is Following the Historic Seasonal Pattern of Low-Pathogenicity IAV in Ducks.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Maintenance and dissemination of avian-origin influenza A virus within the northern Atlantic Flyway of North America.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Evolutionary features of a prolific subtype of avian influenza A virus in European waterfowl.Virus evolution · 2022Article
- Host Range of Influenza A Virus H1 to H16 in Eurasian Ducks Based on Tissue and Receptor Binding Studies.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Review
- The Ecology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
- Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Subtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade Study.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- A Comparative Study of the Innate Humoral Immune Response to Avian Influenza Virus in Wild and Domestic Mallards.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards.Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Article
- Long-term avian influenza virus epidemiology in a small Spanish wetland ecosystem is driven by the breeding Anseriformes community.Veterinary research · 2019Article
- The Cloacal Microbiome of Five Wild Duck Species Varies by Species and Influenza A Virus Infection Status.mSphere · 2018Article
- NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO TYPE A INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN SHOREBIRDS AT DELAWARE BAY, NEW JERSEY, USA.Journal of wildlife diseases · 2018Article
- Where do all the subtypes go? Temporal dynamics of H8-H12 influenza A viruses in waterfowl.Virus evolution · 2018Article
- Heterosubtypic immunity increases infectious dose required to infect Mallard ducks with Influenza A virus.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Wild birds, particularly duck species, are the main reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV) in nature. However, knowledge of IAV infection dynamics in the wild bird reservoir, and the development of immune responses, are essentially absent. Importantly, a detailed understanding of how subtype diversity is generated and maintained is lacking. To address this, 18,679 samples from 7728 Mallard ducks captured between 2002 and 2009 at a single stopover site in Sweden were screened for IAV infections, and the resulting 1081 virus isolates were analyzed for patterns of immunity. We found support for development of homosubtypic hemagglutinin (HA) immunity during the peak of IAV infections in the fall. Moreover, re-infections with the same HA subtype and related prevalent HA subtypes were uncommon, suggesting the development of natural homosubtypic and heterosubtypic immunity (p-value = 0.02). Heterosubtypic immunity followed phylogenetic relatedness of HA subtypes, both at the level of HA clades (p-value = 0.04) and the level of HA groups (p-value = 0.05). In contrast, infection patterns did not support specific immunity for neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. For the H1 and H3 Clades, heterosubtypic immunity showed a clear temporal pattern and we estimated within-clade immunity to last at least 30 days. The strength and duration of heterosubtypic immunity has important implications for transmission dynamics of IAV in the natural reservoir, where immune escape and disruptive selection may increase HA antigenic variation and explain IAV subtype diversity.
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