ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2013
The liver-brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and metronidazole for people with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Unraveling the Role of LRP1 in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Aβ Clearance and the Liver-Brain Axis.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacotherapies that specifically target ammonia for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in adults with cirrhosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Metabolic control by liver-kidney crosstalk and glucagon in health and disease.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- The predictive value of nurse-led preoperative frailty assessment for postoperative delirium in liver transplant recipients: a retrospective cohort study.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- MASH-Associated T Cell Activation and Neuroinflammation: Evidence for a Hepatosystemic Immune Axis.Seminars in liver disease · 2026Review
- HuR coordinates systemic aging through platelet infiltration.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Central Administration of Recombinant IGF1 Is Neuroprotective in a Rodent Model of Acute Liver Failure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Ozone-induced cognitive deficits are mediated by the liver-brain axis: peripheral complement C3 triggers microglial synaptic phagocytosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Navigating TIPS in the era of ageing and metabolic comorbidity: a contemporary narrative review of risk, resilience, and outcomes.Gastroenterology report · 2026Review
- Beyond Organ Boundaries: Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Parkinson's Disease from the Perspective of the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- A Review on Hepatoprotective Effect of Chrysin: Preclinical Implications and Molecular Cascades Came into Focus.Current diabetes reviews · 2026Review
- Dairy-rich diet triggers hepatic α-synuclein pathology via the liver-brain axis in GBA1-related Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- MiR-33-5p-opioidergic Signaling Regulates Cognitive Impairment Induced by Bile Duct Ligation in Rats: Ameliorative Role of Naloxone.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Article
- Hepatic function is associated with cognitive function in patients with stable schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Plasma proteomic Alzheimer's risk score: Biological age clock and pseudotime trajectory.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- APOE ε4 carriers share immune-related proteomic changes across neurodegenerative diseases.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Cognitive impairment and blood biomarkers of renal dysfunction in high-risk Nigerian population, with special attention to women and diabetes.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- The New Phytocomplex AL0042 Extracted from Red Orange By-Products Inhibits the Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Mice Induced by Thioacetamide.Biomedicines · 2025Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is common in liver failure and its acquisition is a predictor of hepatic encephalopathy severity. New studies provide convincing evidence for a role of neuroinflammation (inflammation of the brain per se) in liver failure; this evidence includes activation of microglia, together with increased synthesis in situ of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1β and IL-6. Liver-brain signalling mechanisms in liver failure include: direct effects of systemic proinflammatory molecules, recruitment of monocytes after microglial activation, brain accumulation of ammonia, lactate and manganese, and altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Ammonia and cytokines might act synergistically. Existing strategies to reduce ammonia levels (including lactulose, rifaximin and probiotics) have the potential to dampen systemic inflammation, as does albumin dialysis, mild hypothermia and N-acetylcysteine, the latter two agents acting at both peripheral and central sites. Minocycline, an agent with potent central anti-inflammatory properties, reduces neuroinflammation, brain oedema and encephalopathy in liver failure, as does the anti-TNF agent etanercept.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.