ArticleBMC biotechnology2013
Diffusion of small molecules into medaka embryos improved by electroporation.
Article in BMC biotechnology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Reproducible Electroporation Strategy for CRISPR-Cas9 RNP and mRNA Delivery in Fish Embryos.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Critical Role of the Cortical Alveolus Protease Alveolin in Chorion Hardening In Vivo at Medaka Fertilization.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Oxidative Stress Parameters and Morphological Changes in Japanese Medaka (Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Are TiONanoscale advances · 2020Article
- A Dominant Negative Antisense Approach Targeting β-Catenin.Molecular biotechnology · 2018Article
- The function of tcf3 in medaka embryos: efficient knockdown with pePNAs.BMC biotechnology · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDiffusion of small molecules into fish embryos is essential for many experimental procedures in developmental biology and toxicology. Since we observed a weak uptake of lithium into medaka eggs we started a detailed analysis of its diffusion properties using small fluorescent molecules.
resultsContrary to our expectations, not the rigid outer chorion but instead membrane systems surrounding the embryo/yolk turned out to be the limiting factor for diffusion into medaka eggs. The consequence is a bi-phasic uptake of small molecules first reaching the pervitelline space with a diffusion half-time in the range of a few minutes. This is followed by a slow second phase (half-time in the range of several hours) during which accumulation in the embryo/yolk takes place. Treatment with detergents improved the uptake, but strongly affected the internal distribution of the molecules. Testing electroporation we could establish conditions to overcome the diffusion barrier. Applying this method to lithium chloride we observed anterior truncations in medaka embryos in agreement with its proposed activation of Wnt signalling.
conclusionsThe diffusion of small molecules into medaka embryos is slow, caused by membrane systems underneath the chorion. These results have important implications for pharmacologic/toxicologic techniques like the fish embryo test, which therefore require extended incubation times in order to reach sufficient concentrations in the embryos.
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