ArticleJournal of bacteriology2013
Caffeine junkie: an unprecedented glutathione S-transferase-dependent oxygenase required for caffeine degradation by Pseudomonas putida CBB5.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microbial mechanisms as tools for monitoring and treating emerging contaminants in urban pollution: an overview.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Restoring a synthetic methylxanthine degradation operon to its native genes.microPublication biology · 2026Article
- Application of Microbial Fermentation in Caffeine Degradation and Flavor Modulation of Coffee Beans.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Progress in Methylxanthine Biosynthesis: Insights into Pathways and Engineering Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Mixed culture biocatalytic production of the high-value biochemical 7-methylxanthine.Journal of biological engineering · 2023Article
- Microbial Degradation of Caffeine Using Himalayan Psychrotolerant Pseudomonas sp.GBPI_Hb5 (MCC 3295).Current microbiology · 2021Article
- Cultivation and Genome Sequencing of Bacteria Isolated From the Coffee Berry Borer (Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- 3-Methylxanthine production through biodegradation of theobromine by Aspergillus sydowii PT-2.BMC microbiology · 2020Article
- Draft Genome Sequence ofMicrobiology resource announcements · 2020Article
- Bioassay for Determining the Concentrations of Caffeine and Individual Methylxanthines in Complex Samples.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
- Quantifying the Importance of the Rare Biosphere for Microbial Community Response to Organic Pollutants in a Freshwater Ecosystem.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
- Direct conversion of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine by metabolically engineered E. coli.Microbial cell factories · 2015Article
- Draft Genome Sequence of the Bacterium Pseudomonas putida CBB5, Which Can Utilize Caffeine as a Sole Carbon and Nitrogen Source.Genome announcements · 2015Article
- Genetic characterization of caffeine degradation by bacteria and its potential applications.Microbial biotechnology · 2015Review
- The novel bacterial N-demethylase PdmAB is responsible for the initial step of N,N-dimethyl-substituted phenylurea herbicide degradation.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Caffeine and other N-methylated xanthines are natural products found in many foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria have evolved to live on caffeine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. The caffeine degradation pathway of Pseudomonas putida CBB5 utilizes an unprecedented glutathione-S-transferase-dependent Rieske oxygenase for demethylation of 7-methylxanthine to xanthine, the final step in caffeine N-demethylation. The gene coding this function is unusual, in that the iron-sulfur and non-heme iron domains that compose the normally functional Rieske oxygenase (RO) are encoded by separate proteins. The non-heme iron domain is located in the monooxygenase, ndmC, while the Rieske [2Fe-2S] domain is fused to the RO reductase gene, ndmD. This fusion, however, does not interfere with the interaction of the reductase with N1- and N3-demethylase RO oxygenases, which are involved in the initial reactions of caffeine degradation. We demonstrate that the N7-demethylation reaction absolutely requires a unique, tightly bound protein complex composed of NdmC, NdmD, and NdmE, a novel glutathione-S-transferase (GST). NdmE is proposed to function as a noncatalytic subunit that serves a structural role in the complexation of the oxygenase (NdmC) and Rieske domains (NdmD). Genome analyses found this gene organization of a split RO and GST gene cluster to occur more broadly, implying a larger function for RO-GST protein partners.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.