ArticleBMJ open2013
Access to improved water and its relationship with diarrhoea in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Household water quantity and health: a systematic review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Pooled it
- The Effect of Improved Water Supply on Diarrhea Prevalence of Children under Five in the Volta Region of Ghana: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Trial
- Measuring Water Quantity Used for Personal and Domestic Hygiene and Determinants of Water Use in a Low-Income Urban Community.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Relationship between diarrhoea risk and the combinations of drinking water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.International health · 2022Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of diarrheal diseases in Sierra Leone, 2019: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Article
- Interventions promoting uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) technologies in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map of effectiveness studies.Campbell systematic reviews · 2021Article
- Development of an objective water security index and assessment of its association with quality of life in urban areas of developing countries.SSM - population health · 2018Article
- Groundwater use and diarrhoea in urban Nepal: novel application of a geostatistical interpolation technique linking environmental and epidemiologic survey data.International health · 2018Article
- Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Eco-social and behavioural determinants of diarrhoea in under-five children of Nepal: a framework analysis of the existing literature.Tropical medicine and health · 2016Review
- Child health inequalities and its dimensions in Pakistan.Journal of family & community medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the associations between diarrhoea and types of water sources, total quantity of water consumed and the quantity of improved water consumed in rapidly growing, highly populated urban areas in developing countries.
designCross-sectional analysis using population-representative secondary data obtained from an interview survey conducted by the Asian Development Bank for the 2009 Kathmandu Valley Water Distribution, Sewerage and Urban Development Project.
settingKathmandu Valley, Nepal.
participants2282 households.
methodsA structured questionnaire was used to collect information from households on the quantity and sources of water consumed; health, socioeconomic and demographic status of households; drinking water treatment practices and toilet facilities.
resultsFamily members of 179 households (7.8%) reported having developed diarrhoea during the previous month. For households in which family members consumed less than 100 L of water per capita per day (L/c/d), which is the minimum quantity recommended by WHO, the risk of contracting diarrhoea doubled (1.56-fold to 2.92-fold). In households that used alternative water sources (such as wells, stone spouts and springs) in addition to improved water (provided by a water management authority), the likelihood of contracting diarrhoea was 1.81-fold higher (95% CI 1.00 to 3.29) than in those that used only improved water. However, access to an improved water source was not associated with a lower risk of developing diarrhoea if optimal quantities of water were not consumed (ie, <100 L/c/d). These results were independent of socioeconomic and demographic variables, daily drinking water treatment practices, toilet facilities and residential areas.
conclusionsProviding access to a sufficient quantity of water-regardless of the source-may be more important in preventing diarrhoea than supplying a limited quantity of improved water.
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