ArticleToxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology2013
Comparative immunochemical characteristics of botulinum neurotoxin type A and its associated proteins.
Article in Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Real-world Implications of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Immunoresistance for Consumers and Aesthetic Practitioners: Insights from ASCEND Multidisciplinary Panel.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2024Article
- Complexing Protein-Free Botulinum Neurotoxin A Formulations: Implications of Excipients for Immunogenicity.Toxins · 2024Review
- Therapeutic Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Veterinary Medicine.Veterinary sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Emerging Trends in Botulinum Neurotoxin A Resistance: An International Multidisciplinary Review and Consensus.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Immunogenicity Associated with Aesthetic Botulinumtoxin A: A Survey of Asia-Pacific Physicians' Experiences and Recommendations.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2022Article
- Article
- Immunogenicity of Botulinum Toxin Formulations: Potential Therapeutic Implications.Advances in therapy · 2021Review
- Neurotoxin Impurities: A Review of Threats to Efficacy.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2020Article
- Comparison of neurotoxic potency between a novel chinbotulinumtoxinA with onabotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA and lanbotulinumtoxinA in rats.Drug design, development and therapy · 2017Article
- Pharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A products.Drugs in R&D · 2015Article
- Immunoprecipitation of native botulinum neurotoxin complexes from Clostridium botulinum subtype A strains.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum strains secrete their neurotoxins (BoNT) along with a group of neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs) that enhance the oral toxicity and provide protection to the neurotoxin against acidity, temperature and proteases in the G.I. tract. A major component of NAPs is Hn-33, a 33 kDa protein, which is also protease resistant and strongly protects BoNT. The complex form of BoNT/A is used as a commercial therapeutic formulation against many neuromuscular disorders and for cosmetic purposes. Immune response against this formulation could hinder its long-term use; therefore, it is important to characterize the immunological properties of the associated proteins. This study aims to understand the immunological reactivity of BoNT/A complex, BoNT, NAPs, and Hn-33 through a series of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The results indicated that BoNT/A complex competed 6 times more with complex antibodies compared to the neurotoxin confirming that the higher immunogenicity of BoNT/A complex was indeed a result of the associated proteins with the neurotoxin complex. While the nearly identical immuno-reactivity of BoNT/A complex and Hn-33 with Hn-33 antibodies indicated that the reactivity was due to the higher immunogenicity not the abundance of Hn-33 in the complex. Both the ELISA and immuno-blot results implied that Hn-33 is primarily responsible for eliciting the antibody response in BoNT/A complex.
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