ReviewNeuropharmacology2014
The behavioral- and neuro-economic process of temporal discounting: A candidate behavioral marker of addiction.
Review in Neuropharmacology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05879198 (Train Your Brain), which is not on this map. Cited by 234 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Train Your Brain: A Pilot Project to Improve Memory and Decision Making to Improve Outcomes Among Youth
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 384 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sweet-liking and sugar supplementation as innovative components in substance use disorder treatment: A systematic review.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of delay discounting and cannabis use.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on the clinical implications of probability discounting among individuals with Internet gaming disorder.Scientific reports · 2021Pooled it
- Childhood Maltreatment and Impulsivity: A Meta-Analysis and Recommendations for Future Study.Journal of abnormal child psychology · 2019Pooled it
- Does impulsivity change rate dependently following stimulant administration? A translational selective review and re-analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2016Pooled it
- Dopamine and Temporal Discounting: Revisiting Pharmacology and Individual Differences.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Trial
- Examining the effects of varenicline and naltrexone on delay discounting among individuals with alcohol use disorder.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) · 2025Trial
- Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor tolcapone modulates alcohol consumption and impulsive choice in alcohol use disorder.Psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- A web-based episodic specificity and future thinking session modulates delay discounting in cannabis users.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2020Trial
- Rescuing cognitive and emotional regulatory skills to aid smoking prevention in at-risk youth: A randomized trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2018Trial
- Preventing relapse to smoking with transcranial magnetic stimulation: Feasibility and potential efficacy.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- Right inferior frontal cortex activity correlates with tolcapone responsivity in problem and pathological gamblers.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2017Trial
- Unstuck in time: episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette smoking.Psychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Sexual delay discounting as a moderator of the association between substance use and condomless anal sex among young black and Latino men who have sex with men.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- The Impact of Heterogeneity in Individual Characteristics and Motivation to Quit Heroin Use on Contingency Management and Opioid Agonist Treatment Response: A Latent Class Analysis.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Delay-probability asymmetry in discounting: An anomaly in multiattribute choice.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2026Article
- A One-Year longitudinal study on Surrender to God assessed during addiction treatment.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- Effects of visual exposure to natural (vs. Built) environments on delay discounting and demand for substances: Preliminary evidence and future directions.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Age, income, and the discounting of delayed and probabilistic rewards.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Addiction science would benefit from the identification of a behavioral marker. A behavioral marker could reflect the projected clinical course of the disorder, function as a surrogate measure of clinical outcome, and/or may be related to biological components that underlie the disorder. In this paper we review relevant literature, made possible with the early and sustained support by NIDA, to determine whether temporal discounting, a neurobehavioral process derived from behavioral economics and further explored through neuroeconomics, may function as a behavioral marker. Our review suggests that temporal discounting 1) identifies individuals who are drug-dependent, 2) identifies those at risk of developing drug dependence, 3) acts as a gauge of addiction severity, 4) correlates with all stages of addiction development, 5) changes with effective treatment, and 6) may be related to the biological and genetic processes that underlie addiction. Thus, initial evidence supports temporal discounting as a candidate behavioral marker. Additional studies will be required in several areas for a more conclusive determination. Confirmation that temporal discounting functions as a behavioral marker for addiction could lead to 1) a screen for new treatments, 2) personalization of prevention and treatment interventions, and 3) the extension of temporal discounting as a behavioral marker for other etiologically similar disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.