ArticleHuman immunology2013
Race and sex-based differences in cytokine immune responses to smallpox vaccine in healthy individuals.
Article in Human immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: Innate immune, vascular, and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2021Trial
- Immune correlates of the Thai RV144 HIV vaccine regimen in South Africa.Science translational medicine · 2019Trial
- Immunogenicity and safety of a combined DTPa-IPV/Hib vaccine administered as a three-dose primary vaccination course in healthy Korean infants: phase III, randomized study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Trial
- Analysis of HLA A*02 association with vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial.Journal of virology · 2014Trial
- Retrospective analysis of sex-disaggregated immune responses to ALVAC-HIV and bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59 HIV vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Antigen recognition and immune response to monkeypox virus infection: implications for Mpox vaccine design - a narrative review.Le infezioni in medicina · 2025Review
- Sex-Differential and Non-specific Effects of Vaccines Over the Life Course.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Review
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- Diversity's Pandemic Distractions.Health matrix (Cleveland, Ohio : 1991) · 2022Article
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- Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2020Review
- Aortic stiffness and central hemodynamics in treatment-naïve HIV infection: a cross-sectional study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2020Article
- Article
- Sex Differences in Immunity: Implications for the Development of Novel Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Polymorphisms in STING Affect Human Innate Immune Responses to Poxviruses.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Differential durability of immune responses to measles and mumps following MMR vaccination.Vaccine · 2019Article
- Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- Investigating innate immune mechanisms in early-life development and outcomes of food allergy.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We assessed the effects of sex, race and ethnicity on smallpox vaccine-induced immune responses in 1071 armed forces members after primary Dryvax(®) smallpox vaccination, including 790 males and 281 females; 580 Caucasians, 217 African-Americans, and 217 Hispanics. Analysis of vaccinia-specific cytokine responses revealed that Caucasians had higher total IFNγ ELISPOT responses (median 57 spot-forming units/SFUs per 200,000 cells, p=0.01) and CD8(+)IFNγ ELISPOT responses (12 SFUs, p<0.001) than African-Americans (51 and 4 SFUs, respectively) and Hispanics (47 and 8 SFUs, respectively). Similarly, Caucasians secreted higher levels of vaccinia-specific IL-2 (p=0.003) and IFNα (p<0.001) compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Males had higher total IFNγ ELISPOT responses (median 55 SFUs) compared to females (41 SFUs, p<0.001). We observed statistically significant sex-related differences in the secretion of IL-2 (p<0.001), IL-1β (p<0.001) and IL-10 (p=0.017). These data suggest that vaccinia-specific cytokine responses following primary smallpox vaccination are significantly influenced by race and sex of vaccinees.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.