ArticleBMC evolutionary biology2013
Identification of an intact ParaHox cluster with temporal colinearity but altered spatial colinearity in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava.
Article in BMC evolutionary biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- ParaHox Genes Revisited: From Gut Patterning to Integrated Axial and Neural Organization in Rotifera.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2026Article
- Deep homology of aScience advances · 2025Article
- Evolutionary History of Bilaterian FoxP Genes: Complex Ancestral Functions and Evolutionary Changes Spanning 2R-WGD in the Vertebrate Lineage.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Hemichordate cis-regulatory genomics and the gene expression dynamics of deuterostomes.Nature ecology & evolution · 2024Article
- Article
- Genome of the ramshorn snail Biomphalaria straminea-an obligate intermediate host of schistosomiasis.GigaScience · 2022Article
- Evidence from oyster suggests an ancient role for Pdx in regulating insulin gene expression in animals.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Mutation of amphioxus Pdx and Cdx demonstrates conserved roles for ParaHox genes in gut, anus and tail patterning.BMC biology · 2020Article
- BMP controls dorsoventral and neural patterning in indirect-developing hemichordates providing insight into a possible origin of chordates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2019Article
- Reiterative use of FGF signaling in mesoderm development during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in the hemichordate Ptychodera flava.BMC evolutionary biology · 2018Article
- Phagocytic intracellular digestion in amphioxus (Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- TCF/Lef regulates the Gsx ParaHox gene in central nervous system development in chordates.BMC evolutionary biology · 2016Article
- Bivalve-specific gene expansion in the pearl oyster genome: implications of adaptation to a sessile lifestyle.Zoological letters · 2016Article
- Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins.Nature · 2015Article
- Nodal signaling is required for mesodermal and ventral but not for dorsal fates in the indirect developing hemichordate, Ptychodera flava.Biology open · 2015Article
- Article
- The TALE face of Hox proteins in animal evolution.Frontiers in genetics · 2015Article
- On a possible evolutionary link of the stomochord of hemichordates to pharyngeal organs of chordates.Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) · 2014Review
- Article
- Time is of the essence for ParaHox homeobox gene clustering.BMC biology · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParaHox and Hox genes are thought to have evolved from a common ancestral ProtoHox cluster or from tandem duplication prior to the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterians. Similar to Hox clusters, chordate ParaHox genes including Gsx, Xlox, and Cdx, are clustered and their expression exhibits temporal and spatial colinearity. In non-chordate animals, however, studies on the genomic organization of ParaHox genes are limited to only a few animal taxa. Hemichordates, such as the Enteropneust acorn worms, have been used to gain insights into the origins of chordate characters. In this study, we investigated the genomic organization and expression of ParaHox genes in the indirect developing hemichordate acorn worm Ptychodera flava.
resultsWe found that P. flava contains an intact ParaHox cluster with a similar arrangement to that of chordates. The temporal expression order of the P. flava ParaHox genes is the same as that of the chordate ParaHox genes. During embryogenesis, the spatial expression pattern of PfCdx in the posterior endoderm represents a conserved feature similar to the expression of its orthologs in other animals. On the other hand, PfXlox and PfGsx show a novel expression pattern in the blastopore. Nevertheless, during metamorphosis, PfXlox and PfCdx are expressed in the endoderm in a spatially staggered pattern similar to the situation in chordates.
conclusionsOur study shows that P. flava ParaHox genes, despite forming an intact cluster, exhibit temporal colinearity but lose spatial colinearity during embryogenesis. During metamorphosis, partial spatial colinearity is retained in the transforming larva. These results strongly suggest that intact ParaHox gene clustering was retained in the deuterostome ancestor and is correlated with temporal colinearity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.