Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23802040›Full record

ArticleCommunicative & integrative biology2013

Cracking the bioelectric code: Probing endogenous ionic controls of pattern formation.

Aisun Tseng, Michael Levin

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communicative & integrative biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
83citing papers in PubMed
9.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

83 citing papers in PubMed, 180 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The Multiscale Wisdom of the Body: Collective Intelligence as a Tractable Interface for Next-Generation Biomedicine.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2025
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  12. Article
  13. Vitalism and cognition in a conscious universe.Communicative & integrative biology · 2022
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Biomolecular Basis of Cellular Consciousness via Subcellular Nanobrains.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021
    Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article

23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Aisun TsengDepartment of Biology and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology; Medford, MA USA.
Michael Levin
Medford Radiology Group · USTufts University · US

Funding

Electrotherapeutic strategies for connective tissue repairR01AR061988 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI HUNG, CLARK T., KAPLAN, DAVID L. · 2011 to 2015
$3.3M
Tissue Regeneration by Biophysical SignalingR01AR055993 · NIAMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI KAPLAN, DAVID L., LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2010 to 2018
$3.2M
Biophysical controls of vertebrate organ regenerationR01GM078484 · NIGMS · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2011
$1.2M
Novel Mechanism of Induction of Eye Tissue: Katp Channel ModulationR01EY018168 · NEI · TUFTS UNIVERSITY MEDFORD · PI LEVIN, MICHAEL · 2008 to 2010
$1.1M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY018168NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR055993NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR061988NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM078484
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patterns of resting potential in non-excitable cells of living tissue are now known to be instructive signals for pattern formation during embryogenesis, regeneration and cancer suppression. The development of molecular-level techniques for tracking ion flows and functionally manipulating the activity of ion channels and pumps has begun to reveal the mechanisms by which voltage gradients regulate cell behaviors and the assembly of complex large-scale structures. A recent paper demonstrated that a specific voltage range is necessary for demarcation of eye fields in the frog embryo. Remarkably, artificially setting other somatic cells to the eye-specific voltage range resulted in formation of eyes in aberrant locations, including tissues that are not in the normal anterior ectoderm lineage: eyes could be formed in the gut, on the tail, or in the lateral plate mesoderm. These data challenge the existing models of eye fate restriction and tissue competence maps, and suggest the presence of a bioelectric code-a mapping of physiological properties to anatomical outcomes. This Addendum summarizes the current state of knowledge in developmental bioelectricity, proposes three possible interpretations of the bioelectric code that functionally maps physiological states to anatomical outcomes, and highlights the biggest open questions in this field. We also suggest a speculative hypothesis at the intersection of cognitive science and developmental biology: that bioelectrical signaling among non-excitable cells coupled by gap junctions simulates neural network-like dynamics, and underlies the information processing functions required by complex pattern formation in vivo. Understanding and learning to control the information stored in physiological networks will have transformative implications for developmental biology, regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.

Indexed as

bioelectricityion channelspattern formationregeneration

Identifiers

PMID23802040
PMCPMC3689572
OpenAlexW2034406403

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.