ArticleFrontiers in immunology2013
Role of cytokines in thymus- versus peripherally derived-regulatory T cell differentiation and function.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Multiple Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- OX40 signaling in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of action, translational applications, and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- FOXP3+ T Cells-An Emerging Evidence in Periodontitis Therapeutics.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Review
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- Nature vs. nurture: FOXP3, genetics, and tissue environment shape Treg function.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
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- Oestrogen receptor α in T cells controls the T cell immune profile and glucose metabolism in mouse models of gestational diabetes mellitus.Diabetologia · 2021Article
- Treg: A Promising Immunotherapeutic Target in Oral Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Effects of interleukin-2 in immunostimulation and immunosuppression.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2020Review
- Adaptive Immunity and Skin Wound Healing in Amphibian Adults.Open life sciences · 2019Article
- Targeting Tregs in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Juvenile Dermatomyositis-Insights From Other Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Regulatory T Lymphocytes in Periodontitis: A Translational View.Mediators of inflammation · 2018Review
- Ash1l and lnc-Smad3 coordinate Smad3 locus accessibility to modulate iTreg polarization and T cell autoimmunity.Nature communications · 2017Article
- The contribution of interleukin-2 to effective wound healing.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2017Review
- Activation of myeloid dendritic cells, effector cells and regulatory T cells in lichen planus.Journal of translational medicine · 2016Article
- IL-15-dependent balance between Foxp3 and RORγt expression impacts inflammatory bowel disease.Nature communications · 2016Article
- Trypanosoma cruzi Experimental Infection Impacts on the Thymic Regulatory T Cell Compartment.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Glycolysis controls the induction of human regulatory T cells by modulating the expression of FOXP3 exon 2 splicing variants.Nature immunology · 2015Article
- Article
- New Insights about Treg and Th17 Cells in HIV Infection and Disease Progression.Journal of immunology research · 2015Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential players in the control of immune responses. Recently, accordingly to their origin, two main subsets of Tregs have been described: thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs) and peripherally derived Tregs (pTregs). Numerous signaling pathways including the IL-2/STAT5 or the TGF-β/Smad3 pathways play a crucial role in segregating the two lineages. Here, we review some of the information existing on the distinct requirements of IL-2, TGF-β, and TNF-α three major cytokines involved in tTreg and pTreg generation, homeostasis and function. Today it is clear that signaling via the IL-2Rβ chain (CD122) common to IL-2 and IL-15 is required for proper differentiation of tTregs and for tTreg and pTreg survival in the periphery. This notion has led to the development of promising therapeutic strategies based on low-dose IL-2 administration to boost the patients' own Treg compartment and dampen autoimmunity and inflammation. Also, solid evidence points to TGF-β as the master regulator of pTreg differentiation and homeostasis. However, therapeutic administration of TGF-β is difficult to implement due to toxicity and safety issues. Knowledge on the role of TNF-α on the biology of Tregs is fragmentary and inconsistent between mice and humans. Moreover, emerging results from the clinical use of TNF-α inhibitors indicate that part of their anti-inflammatory effect may be dependent on their action on Tregs. Given the profusion of clinical trials testing cytokine administration or blocking to modulate inflammatory diseases, a better knowledge of the effects of cytokines on tTregs and pTregs biology is necessary to improve the efficiency of these immunotherapies.
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