Trial reportMenopause (New York, N.Y.)2014
Women's Health Initiative clinical trials: interaction of calcium and vitamin D with hormone therapy.
Trial report in Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary calcium intake and change in bone mineral density in older adults: a systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Pooled it
- Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Pooled it
- Soy isoflavones interact with calcium and contribute to blood pressure homeostasis in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Novel effects of phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride in premenopausal women: A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2018Trial
- Effects of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Women's Health Initiative: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2017Trial
- Dietary and supplemental calcium intake and bone changes during antiresorptive osteoporosis treatment in older women: a longitudinal observational study.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Article
- Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Open life sciences · 2023Review
- The correlation of the fecal microbiome with the biochemical profile during menopause: a Brazilian cohort study.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Screening and Diagnosing Osteoporosis Among Postmenopausal Women in Primary Care Settings in Malaysia: A Systematic Review.Maedica · 2022Article
- Estrogen and bones after menopause: a reappraisal of data and future perspectives.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2021Review
- Thermographic follow-up of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) subsequent to Ramsay Hunt syndrome with multicranial nerve (V, VII, VIII and IX) involvement: a case report.BMC neurology · 2021Article
- Is there a role for menopausal hormone therapy in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis?Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2020Review
- Vitamin DBMC medical genetics · 2019Article
- Errors in NOF meta-analyses of calcium and vitamin D supplements.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Article
- Short-term and long-term effects of osteoporosis therapies.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2015Review
- Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone density.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2015Review
- Association of serum inorganic phosphate with sex steroid hormones and vitamin D in a nationally representative sample of men.Andrology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to test the added value of calcium and vitamin D (CaD) in fracture prevention among women taking postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT).
methodsThis is a prospective, partial-factorial, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial among Women's Health Initiative postmenopausal participants aged 50 to 79 years at 40 centers in the United States with a mean follow-up of 7.2 years. A total of 27,347 women were randomized to HT (0.625 mg of conjugated estrogens alone, or 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogens plus 2.5 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate daily), and 36,282 women were randomized to 1,000 mg of elemental calcium (carbonate) plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily, each compared with placebo. A total of 16,089 women participated in both arms. The predefined outcomes were adjudicated hip fractures and measured bone mineral density.
resultsInteraction between HT and CaD on hip fracture (P interaction = 0.01) was shown. The effect of CaD was stronger among women assigned to HT (hazard ratio [HR], 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93) than among women assigned to placebo (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.85-1.69). The effect of HT on hip fracture was stronger among women assigned to active CaD (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.66) than among women assigned to placebo (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.60-1.26). CaD supplementation enhanced the antifracture effect of HT at all levels of personal calcium intake. There was no interaction between HT and CaD on change in hip or spine bone mineral density.
conclusionsPostmenopausal women at normal risk for hip fracture who are on CaD supplementation experience significantly reduced incident hip fractures beyond HT alone at all levels of personal baseline total calcium intake.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.