ArticleArchives of disease in childhood2013
Breast feeding and intergenerational social mobility: what are the mechanisms?
Article in Archives of disease in childhood, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intergenerational social mobility and leisure-time physical activity in adulthood: a systematic review.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2017Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Baby-friendly community health services on exclusive breastfeeding and maternal satisfaction: a pragmatic trial.Maternal & child nutrition · 2016Trial
- Development of a complex intervention to strengthen municipality-based breastfeeding support to reduced social inequity in breastfeeding.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Association between breastfeeding duration and educational achievement in England: results from the Millennium Cohort Study.Archives of disease in childhood · 2023Article
- Early Life Exposure to a Diet With a Supramolecular Lipid Structure Close to That of Mammalian Milk Improves Early Life Growth, Skeletal Development, and Later Life Neurocognitive Function in Individually and Socially Housed Male C57BL/6J Mice.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Article
- Rational Use of Medicines in Neonates: Current Observations, Areas for Research and Perspectives.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Decline in the negative association between low birth weight and cognitive ability.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Fit to WHO weight standard of European infants over time.Archives of disease in childhood · 2016Article
- Position Statement on Breastfeeding from the Italian Pediatric Societies.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2015Review
- Life course approach in social epidemiology: an overview, application and future implications.Journal of epidemiology · 2014Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the association between breast feeding and intergenerational social mobility and the possible mediating role of neurological and stress mechanisms.
designSecondary analysis of data from the 1958 and the 1970 British Cohort Studies.
settingLongitudinal study of individuals born in Britain during 1 week in 1958 and 1970.
participants17 419 individuals participated in the 1958 cohort and 16 771 in the 1970 cohort. The effect of breast feeding on intergenerational social mobility from age 10/11 to age 33/34 was analysed after multiple imputations to fill in missing data and propensity score matching on a wide range of confounders measured in childhood (1958 cohort N=16 039-16 154; 1970 cohort N=16 255-16 361).
main outcome measuresOwn Registrar General's Social Class (RGSC) at 33/34 years adjusted for father's RGSC at 10/11 years, gender and their interaction.
resultsBreastfed individuals were more likely to be upwardly mobile (1958 cohort: OR 1.24 95% CI 1.12 to 1.38; 1970 cohort: OR 1.24 95% CI 1.12 to 1.37) and less likely to be downwardly mobile (1958 cohort: OR 0.81 95% CI 0.73 to 0.90; 1970 cohort: OR 0.79 95% CI 0.71 to 0.88). In an ordinal regression model, markers of neurological development (cognitive test scores) and stress (emotional stress scores) accounted for approximately 36% of the relationship between breast feeding and social mobility.
conclusionsBreast feeding increased the odds of upward social mobility and decreased the odds of downward mobility. Consistent with a causal explanation, the findings were robust to matching on a large number of observable variables and effect sizes were alike for two cohorts with different social distributions of breast feeding. The effect was mediated in part through neurological and stress mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.