Trial reportJAMA internal medicine2013
Long-term effects on cognitive function of postmenopausal hormone therapy prescribed to women aged 50 to 55 years.
Trial report in JAMA internal medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01124773 (Women's Health Initiative Memory Study of Younger Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 95 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative Memory Study of Younger Women
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive life stages and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review in Latin American and Caribbean women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on cognition.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Does Gender Influence the Relationship Between High Blood Pressure and Dementia? Highlighting Areas for Further Investigation.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Association between central adiposity and cognitive domain function in recently postmenopausal women: an analysis from the KEEPS-Cog substudy of the Kronos Early Estrogen Preventive Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Trial
- Long-term cognitive effects of menopausal hormone therapy: Findings from the KEEPS Continuation Study.PLoS medicine · 2024Trial
- Associations between pituitary-ovarian hormones and cognition in recently menopausal women independent of type of hormone therapy.Maturitas · 2023Trial
- Consumption of a soy drink has no effect on cognitive function but may alleviate vasomotor symptoms in post-menopausal women; a randomised trial.European journal of nutrition · 2020Trial
- Sex-related differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2018Trial
- Brain structure and cognition 3 years after the end of an early menopausal hormone therapy trial.Neurology · 2018Trial
- Long-term Effects on Cognitive Trajectories of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy in Two Age Groups.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Cognitive effects of estradiol after menopause: A randomized trial of the timing hypothesis.Neurology · 2016Trial
- Early Postmenopausal Transdermal 17β-Estradiol Therapy and Amyloid-β Deposition.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2016Trial
- Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2015Trial
- Effects of Hormone Therapy on Cognition and Mood in Recently Postmenopausal Women: Findings from the Randomized, Controlled KEEPS-Cognitive and Affective Study.PLoS medicine · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Trial
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
importancePostmenopausal hormone therapy with conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs) may adversely affect older women’s cognitive function. It is not known whether this extends to younger women.
objectiveTo test whether prescribing CEE-based hormone therapy to postmenopausal women aged 50 to 55 years has longer-term effects on cognitive function.
designTrained, masked staff assessed participants with an annual telephone-administered cognitive battery that included measures of global and domain-specific cognitive functions. Cognitive testing was conducted an average of 7.2 years after the trials ended, when women had a mean age of 67.2 years, and repeated 1 year later. Enrollment occurred from 1996 through 1999.
settingForty academic research centers.
participantsThe study population comprised 1326 postmenopausal women, who had begun treatment in 2 randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of hormone therapy when aged 50 to 55 years.
interventionThe clinical trials in which the women had participated had compared 0.625 mg CEE with or without 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate over a mean of 7.0 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was global cognitive function. Secondary outcomes were verbal memory, attention, executive function, verbal fluency, and working memory.
resultsGlobal cognitive function scores from women who had been assigned to CEE-based therapies were similar to those from women assigned to placebo: mean (95% CI) intervention effect of 0.02 (−0.08 to 0.12) standard deviation units (P = .66). Similarly, no overall differences were found for any individual cognitive domain (all P > .15). Prespecified subgroup analyses found some evidence that CEE-based therapies may have adversely affected verbal fluency among women who had prior hysterectomy or prior use of hormone therapy: mean treatment effects of −0.17 (−0.33 to −0.02) and −0.25 (−0.42 to −0.08), respectively; however, this may be a chance finding. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: CEE-based therapies produced no overall sustained benefit or risk to cognitive function when administered to postmenopausal women aged 50 to 55 years. We are not able to address whether initiating hormone therapy during menopause and maintaining therapy until any symptoms are passed affects cognitive function, either in the short or longer term.
trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01124773.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.