ArticleBMJ open2013
Individual-level, network-level and city-level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hepatitis C bio-behavioural surveys in people who inject drugs-a systematic review of sensitivity to the theoretical assumptions of respondent driven sampling.Harm reduction journal · 2017Pooled it
- The Hepatitis C Continuum of Care Among HIV-Positive Persons with Heavy Alcohol Use in St. Petersburg, Russia.AIDS and behavior · 2021Trial
- Linking HIV-positive people in addiction care to HIV services in St. Petersburg, Russia - Mixed-methods implementation study of strengths-based case management.Global public health · 2021Article
- Design of a randomized controlled trial to Link Infectious and Narcology Care (LINC-II) in St. Petersburg, Russia.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2020Article
- A New Generation of Drug Users in St. Petersburg, Russia? HIV, HCV, and Overdose Risks in a Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Young Hard Drug Users.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Evolution of illicit opioid use among people with HIV infection in St Petersburg, Russia, in the period 2004-2015.HIV medicine · 2019Article
- HIV testing among people who inject drugs in Ivanovo and Novosibirsk, Russia.Central European journal of public health · 2019Article
- Article
- Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals: the International AIDS Society-Lancet Commission.Lancet (London, England) · 2018Review
- Polydrug Use and Heterogeneity in HIV Risk Among People Who Inject Drugs in Estonia and Russia: A Latent Class Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2018Article
- HIV-care access among people with incarceration experience in St. Petersburg, Russia.European journal of public health · 2018Article
- Engagement in HIV care and its correlates among people who inject drugs in St Petersburg, Russian Federation and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Article
- Social Network Strategies to Address HIV Prevention and Treatment Continuum of Care Among At-risk and HIV-infected Substance Users: A Systematic Scoping Review.AIDS and behavior · 2017Article
- Emergence of methadone as a street drug in St. Petersburg, Russia.The International journal on drug policy · 2016Article
- Internalized HIV and Drug Stigmas: Interacting Forces Threatening Health Status and Health Service Utilization Among People with HIV Who Inject Drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia.AIDS and behavior · 2016Article
- Non-fatal overdoses and related risk factors among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.BMC public health · 2015Article
- Impact of incarceration experiences on reported HIV status and associated risk behaviours and disease comorbidities.European journal of public health · 2015Article
- Design and baseline findings of a large-scale rapid response to an HIV outbreak in people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece: the ARISTOTLE programme.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2015Article
- Network Characteristics of People Who Inject Drugs Within a New HIV Epidemic Following Austerity in Athens, Greece.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2015Article
- Two Independent HIV Epidemics in Saint Petersburg, Russia Revealed by Molecular Epidemiology.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo ascertain HIV prevalence among people who inject drug (injection drug users (IDUs)) in the Russian Federation and identify explanations for the disparity in different cities.
designCross-sectional survey with serological testing for HIV and hepatitis C virus prevalent infections.
setting8 Russian cities-Irkutsk, Omsk, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Naberezhnye Chelny, Voronezh, Orel and St Petersburg.
participantsIn 2007-2009 active IDUs were recruited by respondent-driven sampling with a target sample size of 300 or more in each city.
main outcome measuresParticipants were administered a questionnaire covering sociodemographics, injection risk and protective behaviours, sexual behaviours, HIV knowledge, experiences with drug treatment and harm reduction programmes and social networks. Participants were tested for HIV and hepatitis C by enzyme immunoassay. Data were analysed to identify individual-level, network-level and city-level characteristics significantly associated with HIV prevalence. Factors significant at p≤0.1 were entered into a hierarchical regression model to control for multicollinearity.
resultsA total of 2596 active IDUs were recruited, interviewed and tested for HIV and hepatitis C virus infection. HIV prevalence ranged from 3% (in Voronezh) to 64% (in Yekaterinburg). Although individual-level and network-level variables explain some of the difference in prevalence across the eight cities, the over-riding variable that seems to account for most of the variance is the emergence of commercial, as opposed to homemade, heroin as the predominant form of opioid injected.
conclusionsThe expansion of commercial heroin markets to many Russian cities may have served as a trigger for an expanding HIV epidemic among IDUs in that country.
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