ReviewCell death and differentiation2014
Immune-based mechanisms of cytotoxic chemotherapy: implications for the design of novel and rationale-based combined treatments against cancer.
Review in Cell death and differentiation, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 512 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neoadjuvant Short-term Intensive Chemoresection Versus Standard Adjuvant Intravesical Instillations in NMIBC
Phase II Multicentre, Randomized, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Avelumab With Gemcitabine/Carboplatin Versus Gemcitabine/Carboplatin Alone in Patients With Unresectable or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma (UC) Who Have Not Received Prior Systemic Therapy and Who Are Ineligible to Receive Cisplatin-based Therapy.
BRIDGE Trial: Phase II Trial of durvalumaB and chemotheRapy Induction Followed by Durvalumab and Radiotherapy in larGe volumE Stage III NSCLC
Who cites it
512 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 925 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemotherapy backbone and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations across solid tumors: a pan-tumor network meta-analysis.The oncologist · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Associations of PD-L1 expression status, tumor histology and patient ethnic background with immunotherapy outcomes in patients with advanced esophageal cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Association between the expression status of programmed cell death ligand 1 and the efficacy of pan-cancer neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors +/- Chemotherapy for Patients With NSCLC and Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Thoracic cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of first-line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor in combination with CTLA-4 inhibitor in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systemic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Destabilizing the genome as a therapeutic strategy to enhance response to immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review of clinical trials evidence from solid and hematological tumors.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Combined atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis on their efficacy and safety.BMC cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- First-line treatment options for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with PD-L1 ≥ 50%: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Pooled it
- COMMIT: A Randomized Study of mFOLFOX6/Bevacizumab/Atezolizumab or Atezolizumab Alone as First-Line Treatment of Deficient DNA Mismatch Repair Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Trial
- Carboplatin with or without nivolumab in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a randomized phase II trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- First-line modified FOLFOX plus/minus nivolumab and Ipilimumab or FLOT plus nivolumab in advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: a phase II multi-cohort trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in frontline treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: Clinical and translational results from a phase 2 trial.Med (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Trial
- Sintilimab with two cycles of chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer: a phase 2 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer in Japanese patients from CheckMate 816.Cancer science · 2024Trial
- Toripalimab plus capecitabine in the treatment of patients with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a single-arm phase 2 trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Phase I/II Trial of Carboplatin, Nab-paclitaxel, and Pembrolizumab for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Hoosier Cancer Research Network LUN13-175.The oncologist · 2024Trial
452 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Conventional anticancer chemotherapy has been historically thought to act through direct killing of tumor cells. This concept stems from the fact that cytotoxic drugs interfere with DNA synthesis and replication. Accumulating evidence, however, indicates that the antitumor activities of chemotherapy also rely on several off-target effects, especially directed to the host immune system, that cooperate for successful tumor eradication. Chemotherapeutic agents stimulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system through several modalities: (i) by promoting specific rearrangements on dying tumor cells, which render them visible to the immune system; (ii) by influencing the homeostasis of the hematopoietic compartment through transient lymphodepletion followed by rebound replenishment of immune cell pools; (iii) by subverting tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms and (iv) by exerting direct or indirect stimulatory effects on immune effectors. Among the indirect ways of immune cell stimulation, some cytotoxic drugs have been shown to induce an immunogenic type of cell death in tumor cells, resulting in the emission of specific signals that trigger phagocytosis of cell debris and promote the maturation of dendritic cells, ultimately resulting in the induction of potent antitumor responses. Here, we provide an extensive overview of the multiple immune-based mechanisms exploited by the most commonly employed cytotoxic drugs, with the final aim of identifying prerequisites for optimal combination with immunotherapy strategies for the development of more effective treatments against cancer.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.