ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery2013
Facial appearance transfer and persistence after three-dimensional virtual face transplantation.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reassessing Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Facial Transplantation: Where Are We Now?Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- Application possibilities of artificial intelligence in facial vascularized composite allotransplantation-a narrative review.Frontiers in surgery · 2023Review
- Craniofacial Measurements of Donors and Recipients Correlate with Aesthetic Outcome in Virtual Face Transplantation.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2015Article
- Facial transplantation surgery.Archives of plastic surgery · 2014Article
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFacial appearance transfer from donor to recipient in face transplantation is a concern. Previous studies of facial appearance transfer and facial appearance persistence (preservation of the recipient's facial likeness) in face transplants simulated using two-dimensional photographic manipulations found low facial appearance transfer (2.6 percent) and high facial appearance persistence (66 percent). Three-dimensional computer simulation of complex facial transplant patterns may improve the accuracy of facial appearance transfer and facial appearance persistence estimations.
methodsThree-dimensional virtual models of human faces were generated from deidentified computed tomographic angiographs and used as "donors" or "recipients" for virtual face transplantation. Surgical planning software was used to perform 73 virtual face transplantations by creating specific facial defects (mandibular, midface, or large) in the recipient models and restoring them with allografts extracted from the donor models. Twenty independent reviewers evaluated the resemblance of each resulting posttransplant model to the donor (facial appearance transfer) and recipient (facial appearance persistence). The results were analyzed using tests for equal results with one-sample and pairwise Rao-Scott Pearson chi-square testing, correcting for clustering and multiple testing.
resultsOverall rates of facial appearance persistence and facial appearance transfer were high (69.2 percent) and low (32.4 percent), respectively. The mandibular pattern had the highest rates of facial appearance persistence and lowest rates of facial appearance transfer. Facial appearance persistence and transfer were similar across sexes.
conclusionsFacial appearance persistence is high and facial appearance transfer is low after virtual face transplantation. Appearance transfer and persistence after virtual face transplantation are more dependent on the anatomy than on the size of transplanted facial aesthetic units. This information may reassure recipients of partial face transplants and donor families.
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