ReviewProgress in retinal and eye research2013
The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia.
Review in Progress in retinal and eye research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of refractive error in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Brazilian best practice guidelines for amblyopia diagnosis and management.Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia · 2024Guideline
- Syntonic phototherapy versus part time occlusion for treatment of refractive amblyopia.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- NEIVATECH pilot study: immersive virtual reality training in older amblyopic children with non-compliance or non-response to patching.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Does abnormal head posture aid in amblyopia prevention?BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Real-world Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Highly Aspherical Lenslets and Orthokeratology In Anisomyopic Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Ocular Dominance is Associated With Interocular Asymmetry in Refractive Error and Axial Length Across Childhood and Early Adulthood.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Contact lenses alter accommodative dynamics but enhance stereopsis in myopic anisometropia: A comparative study with ophthalmic lenses.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Interocular differential axial growth and refractive progression in children with myopic anisometropia treated with spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Severity-dependent Disruption of Binocular Accommodative Amplitude And Near Fusional Reserves in Children with Hyperopic Anisometropia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Trunk-rotation and posture-screening markers in relation to refractive anisometropia among schoolchildren in Nantong, China: a cross-sectional school health surveillance study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Anisometropia and Its Related Traits: Ocular, Systemic, and Genetic Characteristics-Results From the Gutenberg Health Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Article
- Significant Improvement in High Myopic Anisometropic Amblyopia Treated With Repeated Low-Level Red-Light (RLRL) Therapy: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Choroidal Thickening and Reduced Macular Blood Flow in Children with Hyperopic Anisometropic Amblyopia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Neurovascular Coupling Disruption and Glymphatic Dysfunction Are Associated With Visual Impairment in Pediatric Monocular Anisometropic Amblyopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- The Changing Natural History of Anisometropia: A Scoping Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Simulated Anisometropia and Bilateral Defocus on Reflex Vergence Responses of Children and Adults.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Refractive and visual changes in the fellow eye after unilateral refractive surgery in patients with anisometropia.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This review aims to disentangle cause and effect in the relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia. Specifically, we examine the literature for evidence to support different possible developmental sequences that could ultimately lead to the presentation of both conditions. The prevalence of anisometropia is around 20% for an inter-ocular difference of 0.5D or greater in spherical equivalent refraction, falling to 2-3%, for an inter-ocular difference of 3D or above. Anisometropia prevalence is relatively high in the weeks following birth, in the teenage years coinciding with the onset of myopia and, most notably, in older adults starting after the onset of presbyopia. It has about one-third the prevalence of bilateral refractive errors of the same magnitude. Importantly, the prevalence of anisometropia is higher in highly ametropic groups, suggesting that emmetropization failures underlying ametropia and anisometropia may be similar. Amblyopia is present in 1-3% of humans and around one-half to two-thirds of amblyopes have anisometropia either alone or in combination with strabismus. The frequent co-existence of amblyopia and anisometropia at a child's first clinical examination promotes the belief that the anisometropia has caused the amblyopia, as has been demonstrated in animal models of the condition. In reviewing the human and monkey literature however it is clear that there are additional paths beyond this classic hypothesis to the co-occurrence of anisometropia and amblyopia. For example, after the emergence of amblyopia secondary to either deprivation or strabismus, anisometropia often follows. In cases of anisometropia with no apparent deprivation or strabismus, questions remain about the failure of the emmetropization mechanism that routinely eliminates infantile anisometropia. Also, the chronology of amblyopia development is poorly documented in cases of 'pure' anisometropic amblyopia. Although indirect, the therapeutic impact of refractive correction on anisometropic amblyopia provides strong support for the hypothesis that the anisometropia caused the amblyopia. Direct evidence for the aetiology of anisometropic amblyopia will require longitudinal tracking of at-risk infants, which poses numerous methodological and ethical challenges. However, if we are to prevent this condition, we must understand the factors that cause it to develop.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.