ArticleNeurology2013
Development and validation of a clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm.
Article in Neurology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Exploratory, Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Dipraglurant for Blepharospasm.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Trial
- Neuropathic Corneal Pain and Blepharospasm: A Case Series.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A scoping review about the efficacy of clonazepam for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Cognitive Rehabilitation as a Possible Therapeutic Approach in Patients with Blepharospasm.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Abnormal inter-hemispheric functional cooperation in blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The Role of Serum Vitamin and Mineral Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm: A Comparative Study.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Findings in Patients with Solar Retinopathy.Beyoglu eye journal · 2025Article
- Spontaneous neural activity alterations in medication-naïve primary blepharospasm: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Multidimensional structural analyses revealed a correlation between thalamic atrophy and white matter degeneration in idiopathic dystonia.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Efficacy and safety of combination of frankincense and botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm: a protocol for a single-centre, open-label, randomized, controlled trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Lesion-Induced Blepharospasm: Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Radiological characteristics predicting early poor drug response in patients with hemifacial spasm.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Quantitative evaluation of blinking in blepharospasm using electrooculogram-integrated smart eyeglasses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Functional connectivity alterations in the frontoparietal network and sensorimotor network are associated with behavioral heterogeneity in blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Eye-Closure Rate Modulation in Blepharospasm.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- The effect on blink frequency of a selective blue-filtering photochromic lens in patients with benign essential blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Article
- Diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in adult dystonia: a joint document by the Italian Society of Neurology, the Italian Academy for the Study of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, and the Italian Network on Botulinum Toxin.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2022Article
- THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo design and validate a clinical diagnostic guideline for aiding physicians in confirming or refuting suspected blepharospasm.
methodsThe guideline was developed and validated in a 3-step procedure: 1) identification of clinical items related to the phenomenology of blepharospasm, 2) assessment of the relevance of each item to the diagnosis of blepharospasm, and 3) evaluation of the reliability and diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of the selected clinical items.
resultsOf 19 clinical items initially identified, 7 were admitted by content validity analysis to further assessment. Both neurologists and ophthalmologists achieved satisfactory interobserver agreement for all 7 items, including "involuntary eyelid narrowing/closure due to orbicularis oculi spasms," "bilateral spasms," "synchronous spasms," "stereotyped spasm pattern," "sensory trick," "inability to voluntarily suppress the spasms," and "blink count at rest." Each selected item yielded unsatisfactory accuracy in discriminating patients with blepharospasm from healthy subjects and patients with other eyelid disturbances. Combining the selected items, however, improved diagnostic sensitivity/specificity. The best combination, yielding 93% sensitivity and 90% specificity, was an algorithm starting with the item "stereotyped, bilateral, and synchronous orbicularis oculi spasms inducing eyelid narrowing/closure" and followed by recognition of "sensory trick" or, alternatively, "increased blinking."
conclusionThis study provides an accurate and valid clinical guideline for diagnosing blepharospasm. Use of this guideline would make it easier for providers to recognize dystonia in clinical and research settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.