ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2013
Squid have nociceptors that display widespread long-term sensitization and spontaneous activity after bodily injury.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Good Anesthesia Practice for Fish and Other Aquatics.Biology · 2022Guideline
- Cephalopod Behavior: From Neural Plasticity to Consciousness.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Habituation and sensitization learning in adult solitary ascidians.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Assessing Local Anesthesia in Octopus bimaculoides to Provide Analgesia.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2026Article
- Article
- Identification of molecular nociceptors in Octopus vulgaris through functional characterisation in Caenorhabditis elegans.Biology open · 2026Article
- Octopus 'hypnosis': inducing tonic immobility for studying local sensorimotor responses and arm-sucker coordination.Biology open · 2025Article
- From nociception in aneural animals to human suffering: toward a comparative biology of pain.The Journal of experimental biology · 2025Review
- Article
- A nociceptor-specific RNAi screen inPeerJ · 2025Article
- Widespread latent hyperactivity of nociceptors outlasts enhanced avoidance behavior following incision injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The Use of Isoflurane and Adjunctive Magnesium Chloride Provides Fast, Effective Anaesthetization ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Post-injury pain and behaviour: a control theory perspective.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2023Review
- Persistent nociceptor hyperactivity as a painful evolutionary adaptation.Trends in neurosciences · 2023Review
- Evaluation of Candidates for Systemic Analgesia and General Anesthesia in the Emerging Model Cephalopod,Biology · 2023Article
- Exaptation and Evolutionary Adaptation in Nociceptor Mechanisms Driving Persistent Pain.Brain, behavior and evolution · 2023Review
- Article
- Serotonin mediates stress-like effects on responses to non-nociceptive stimuli in the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana.The Journal of experimental biology · 2022Article
- Animal sentience.Philosophy compass · 2022Article
- Approaches to studying injury-induced sensitization and the potential role of an endocannabinoid transmitter.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bodily injury in mammals often produces persistent pain that is driven at least in part by long-lasting sensitization and spontaneous activity (SA) in peripheral branches of primary nociceptors near sites of injury. While nociceptors have been described in lower vertebrates and invertebrates, outside of mammals there is limited evidence for peripheral sensitization of primary afferent neurons, and there are no reports of persistent SA being induced in primary afferents by noxious stimulation. Cephalopod molluscs are the most neurally and behaviorally complex invertebrates, with brains rivaling those of some vertebrates in size and complexity. This has fostered the opinion that cephalopods may experience pain, leading some governments to include cephalopods under animal welfare laws. It is not known, however, if cephalopods possess nociceptors, or whether their somatic sensory neurons exhibit nociceptive sensitization. We demonstrate that squid possess nociceptors that selectively encode noxious mechanical but not heat stimuli, and that show long-lasting peripheral sensitization to mechanical stimuli after minor injury to the body. As in mammals, injury in squid can cause persistent SA in peripheral afferents. Unlike mammals, the afferent sensitization and SA are almost as prominent on the contralateral side of the body as they are near an injury. Thus, while squid exhibit peripheral alterations in afferent neurons similar to those that drive persistent pain in mammals, robust changes far from sites of injury in squid suggest that persistently enhanced afferent activity provides much less information about the location of an injury in cephalopods than it does in mammals.
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