ArticleGut pathogens2013
Exploring the role of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study.
Article in Gut pathogens, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis related type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association of tuberculosis in Crohn's disease patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (Anti-TNFα).World journal of gastroenterology · 2018Pooled it
- The zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analyses of the evidence.Epidemiology and infection · 2015Pooled it
- Identifying Co-Expressed lncRNAs Correlated With Traits of Interest in an Animal Model for Metabolic Diseases in Humans.Animal genetics · 2026Article
- Distinct Antibody Signatures to Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis in Newly Diagnosed Tunisian Type 1 Diabetes Patients.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Diseases and Mycobacterial Infection.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Whole transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood identifies systemic innate immune responses and translation inhibition in subclinical Holstein cattle naturally infected withFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Evidence of mycobacteriaemias and mycobacterial co-infections uncovered in cattle at slaughter using a novel phage-based PhMS-qPCR assay for viable Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.Irish veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Proposing Bromo-Epi-Androsterone (BEA) for Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS).Microorganisms · 2025Article
- RNA-sequencing studies suggest that microRNAs and alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs modulate immune and inflammatory responses in Holstein cattle infected withFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Two putative glutamate decarboxylases of Streptococcus pneumoniae as possible antigens for the production of anti-GAD65 antibodies leading to type 1 diabetes mellitus.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2023Article
- BCG Vaccination and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
- Neglected Facts onInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- MAP, Johne's disease and the microbiome; current knowledge and future considerations.Animal microbiome · 2021Review
- Article
- What is the evidence that mycobacteria are associated with the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome?Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2021Review
- Warm, Sweetened Milk at the Twilight of Immunity - Alzheimer's Disease - Inflammaging, Insulin Resistance,Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has not been determined, genetic polymorphism in key genes, including SLC11A1, and association with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) have been reported. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry between MAP Heat shock protein 65 K (Hsp65) and human Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 K (GAD65) may be the trigger leading to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in patients exposed to MAP.
methodPeptide sequences of MAP Hsp65 and human GAD65 were investigated for amino acid sequence homology and cross reactivity. A total of 18 blood samples from T1DM and controls were evaluated for the presence of MAP.
resultsPeptide BLAST analysis revealed a 44% overall identity between MAP Hsp65 and GAD65 with 75% positives in a 16 amino acid region. PyMOL 3D-structural analyses identified the same 16 amino acid region as a potential epitope for antibody binding. Preliminary data suggests a cross reactivity between MAP Hsp65, and a healthy rat pancreatic tissue homogenate against plasma from T1DM patients and rabbit polyclonal anti-MAP IgG. Long-term culture of human blood resulted MAP detection in 3/10 T1DM and 4/8 controls whereas MAP IgG was detected in 5/10 T1DM samples and 3/8 non-diabetic controls.
conclusionThe high degree of homology between GAD65 and MAP Hsp65 in an antigenic peptide region supports a possible mycobacterial role in triggering autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells in T1DM. Reactivity of T1DM patient sera with MAP Hsp65 supports this finding. Culture of MAP from the blood of T1DM patients is intriguing. Overall, the preliminary data are mixed and do not exclude a possible role for MAP in T1DM pathogenesis. A larger study including well-characterized controls is needed to investigate the intriguing question of whether MAP is associated with T1DM or not?
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