ArticlePloS one2013
Inhalation toxicity of humidifier disinfectants as a risk factor of children's interstitial lung disease in Korea: a case-control study.
Article in PloS one, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exposure at the indoor water-air interface: Fill water constituents and the consequent air emissions from ultrasonic humidifiers: A systematic review.Indoor air · 2022Pooled it
- Health Effects Associated With Humidifier Disinfectant Use: A Systematic Review for Exploration.Journal of Korean medical science · 2022Pooled it
- Real-World Effectiveness of a Disinfectant Wipe on Healthcare Surfaces: A Multi-Center Study in Five University-Affiliated Hospitals.Infection & chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease (chILD) Associated With Toxic Chemical Inhalation Exposures: A State-of-the-Art Review.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Review
- Evaluating Metabolic Signatures in the Serum of South Korean Patients with Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury Identified through Untargeted Metabolomics.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Association between humidifier disinfectant use duration and lung cancer development in Korea.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Risk of non-cancer respiratory diseases attributed to humidifier disinfectant exposure in Koreans: age-period-cohort and differences-in-difference analyses.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Comparison of maternal and neonatal survival exposed to humidifier disinfectants during perinatal periods: a case-series study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Pulmonary Fibrosis and Antioxidants: Finding the Right Target.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Characterizing Subjects Exposed to Humidifier Disinfectants Using Computed-Tomography-Based Latent Traits: A Deep Learning Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- How comprehensive and effective are waste management policies during the COVID-19 pandemic? Perspectives from the Philippines.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Integrative multi-omics approach for mechanism of humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury.Clinical and translational medicine · 2021Article
- Misclassification and characterization of exposure to humidifier disinfectants using a questionnaire.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Characteristics of the Molecular Weight of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) Used as a Household Humidifier Disinfectant.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2021Review
- Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Induces Apoptosis through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Lung Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Need for individual-based evaluation to determine the association between humidifier disinfectants and health injuries.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2021Article
- An overlooked route of inhalation exposure to tap water constituents for children and adults: Aerosolized aqueous minerals from ultrasonic humidifiers.Water research X · 2020Article
- Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe occurrence of numerous cases of interstitial lung disease in children (chILD) every spring in Korea starting in 2006 raised suspicion about a causal relationship with the use of humidifier disinfectants (HDs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between HD use and the risk of chILD.
methodsThis retrospective, 1∶3 matched case-control study consisted of 16 cases of chILD that had developed between 2010 and 2011. The three groups of parallel controls (patients with acute lobar pneumonia, asthma, and healthy children) were matched by age, gender, and index date. Indoor/outdoor environmental risk factors, including HD use, were investigated by asking the guardians to complete a questionnaire.
resultsThe median age of the affected children (43.8% male) was 26 months (18.25-36.25). The chILD group did not differ significantly from the control groups with respect to socio-demographic and clinical variables. Indoor and outdoor environmental factors were not associated with a risk of chILD. However, the previous use of HDs (OR; 2.73. 95% CI; 1.41-5.90, P = 0.00) were independently associated with an increased risk.
conclusionsThis study showed that HDs, which are widely used in South Korea in the winter season, independently increased the risk of chILD in spring. Therefore, continuous monitoring and, if needed, changes in policy are essential to prevent and control pediatric diseases caused by toxic chemicals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.