ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2013
Food reinforcement partially mediates the effect of socioeconomic status on body mass index.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06800794 (Effect of Meal Timing and Dietary Changes on Metabolic and Behavioral Factors Involved in the Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox), which is not on this map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Meal Timing and Dietary Changes on Metabolic and Behavioral Factors Involved in the Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Delay Discounting and the Income-Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox in Mothers.Journal of obesity · 2023Trial
- Reducing relative food reinforcement of infants using a music enrichment program: a randomized, controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Can Families Eat Better Without Spending More? Improving Diet Quality Does Not Increase Diet Cost in a Randomized Clinical Trial among Youth with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2016Trial
- No food for thought: moderating effects of delay discounting and future time perspective on the relation between income and food insecurity.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2014Trial
- Effects of subjective socioeconomic and social statuses on food choice in adolescents.Journal of health psychology · 2026Article
- Children's satiety responsiveness moderates the association between food reinforcement and eating in the absence of hunger.Physiology & behavior · 2025Article
- Sensitization of the reinforcing value of food is associated with greater BMI percentile in lower income adolescents.Appetite · 2025Observational
- Contributions of subjective status to eating behaviors, obesity, and metabolic health across development.Appetite · 2025Review
- A Feasibility Study of a Music Enrichment Program on Relative Reinforcing Value of Food and Home Environmental Enrichment among Families of Low Socioeconomic Status.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Review
- Parents, but not their children, demonstrate greater delay discounting with resource scarcity.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Insulin Resistance and Glycated Hemoglobin in Obesity Are Associated With Preference for Sugar-Sweetened Yogurt: A Pilot Study.Psychosomatic medicine · 2023Article
- Reinforcing value of food, enriched home environment, and changes in percent overweight in children.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- The Effect of Financial Scarcity on Reinforcer Pathology: A Dyadic Developmental Examination.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The effect of acute and chronic scarcity on acute stress: A dyadic developmental examination.Physiology & behavior · 2022Article
- The influence of COVID-19-related stress on food motivation.Appetite · 2021Article
- Delay discounting and obesity in food insecure and food secure women.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2021Article
- Having less and wanting more: an investigation of socioeconomic status and reinforcement pathology.BMC public health · 2021Article
- The association of food insecurity with the relative reinforcing value of food, BMI, and gestational weight gain among pregnant women.Appetite · 2020Article
- Reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral economic demand for food and their relation to BMI.Eating behaviors · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveLow socioeconomic status (low SES), as defined by income or educational attainment, has been associated with obesity in industrialized nations. Low SES persons have limited resources and may experience food insecurity that increases food reinforcement. Food reinforcement has been positively related to energy intake and weight status, and increased food reinforcement may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among low SES individuals who have restricted access to low-energy-dense foods and nonfood reinforcers. DESIGN AND
methodsAnnual household income, highest education level completed and food reinforcement in 166 adults of varying body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2) ) was measured.
resultsMultivariate linear regression analyses controlling for age, sex, minority status, session hunger, and the reinforcing value of nonfood alternatives showed that household income was related to food reinforcement (P = 0.048) and BMI (P = 0.019), and that food reinforcement was related to BMI (P = 0.0017). Path analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of household income on BMI through food reinforcement, suggesting that the relationship between lower household income and greater BMI was mediated in part by increased food reinforcement. A similar pattern of results was observed when education level was used as the proxy for SES.
conclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that deprivation and restricted food choice associated with low SES enhance food reinforcement, increasing the risk for obesity.
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