ReviewWiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA
Posttranscriptional regulation of retroviral gene expression: primary RNA transcripts play three roles as pre-mRNA, mRNA, and genomic RNA.
Review in Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- piRNA Defense Against Endogenous Retroviruses.Viruses · 2024Review
- Identification of a Novel Post-transcriptional Transactivator from the Equine Infectious Anemia Virus.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- A Novel, Fully Spliced, Accessory Gene in Equine Lentivirus with Distinct Rev-Responsive Element.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Retroviral RNA Processing.Viruses · 2022Review
- Anomalous HIV-1 RNA, How Cap-Methylation Segregates Viral Transcripts by Form and Function.Viruses · 2022Review
- HIV-1 hypermethylated guanosine cap licenses specialized translation unaffected by mTOR.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Cleavage of AUF1 by Coxsackievirus B Affects DDX5 Regulatory on Viral Replication through iTRAQ Proteomics Analysis.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- HIV-1 spliced RNAs display transcription start site bias.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Article
- Endogenous avian leukosis virus subgroup E elements of the chicken reference genome.Poultry science · 2020Article
- Evolution of the HIV-1 Rev Response Element during Natural Infection Reveals Nucleotide Changes That Correlate with Altered Structure and Increased Activity over Time.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- A Rev-CBP80-eIF4AI complex drives Gag synthesis from the HIV-1 unspliced mRNA.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- Identification of conserved, primary sequence motifs that direct retrovirus RNA fate.Nucleic acids research · 2018Article
- Influence of gag and RRE Sequences on HIV-1 RNA Packaging Signal Structure and Function.Journal of molecular biology · 2018Article
- CLIP-related methodologies and their application to retrovirology.Retrovirology · 2018Review
- Novel endogenous simian retroviral integrations in Vero cells: implications for quality control of a human vaccine cell substrate.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Elucidating the in vivo interactome of HIV-1 RNA by hybridization capture and mass spectrometry.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Increasing the CpG dinucleotide abundance in the HIV-1 genomic RNA inhibits viral replication.Retrovirology · 2017Article
- Rous Sarcoma Virus RNA Stability Element Inhibits Deadenylation of mRNAs with Long 3'UTRs.Viruses · 2017Article
- Subcellular Localization of HIV-1Journal of virology · 2017Article
- Ablation of Programmed -1 Ribosomal Frameshifting in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Results in Attenuated Neuropathogenicity.Journal of virology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
After reverse transcription of the retroviral RNA genome and integration of the DNA provirus into the host genome, host machinery is used for viral gene expression along with viral proteins and RNA regulatory elements. Here, we discuss co-transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of retroviral gene expression, comparing simple and complex retroviruses. Cellular RNA polymerase II synthesizes full-length viral primary RNA transcripts that are capped and polyadenylated. All retroviruses generate a singly spliced env mRNA from this primary transcript, which encodes the viral glycoproteins. In addition, complex viral RNAs are alternatively spliced to generate accessory proteins, such as Rev, which is involved in posttranscriptional regulation of HIV-1 RNA. Importantly, the splicing of all retroviruses is incomplete; they must maintain and export a fraction of their primary RNA transcripts. This unspliced RNA functions both as the major mRNA for Gag and Pol proteins and as the packaged genomic RNA. Different retroviruses export their unspliced viral RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by either Tap-dependent or Rev/CRM1-dependent routes. Translation of the unspliced mRNA involves frame-shifting or termination codon suppression so that the Gag proteins, which make up the capsid, are expressed more abundantly than the Pol proteins, which are the viral enzymes. After the viral polyproteins assemble into viral particles and bud from the cell membrane, a viral encoded protease cleaves them. Some retroviruses have evolved mechanisms to protect their unspliced RNA from decay by nonsense-mediated RNA decay and to prevent genome editing by the cellular APOBEC deaminases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.