ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Evolution of consciousness: phylogeny, ontogeny, and emergence from general anesthesia.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pioneers and Pathfinders: 10 years of Frontiers in Medicine from t(ether)ed in-person medicine to untethered telemedicine.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Organizational closure through regenerative signaling as a possible basis for conscious awareness.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2026Review
- Phenomenal interface theory: a model for basal consciousness.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Evolutionary Trajectories of Consciousness: From Biological Foundations to Technological Horizons.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Single-dose 1cp-LSD administration for canine anxiety: a pilot study.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness.Neuron · 2024Review
- Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation modulates neural activities in mice under propofol anaesthesia.BMC neuroscience · 2023Article
- Job satisfaction has differential associations with delay discounting and risk-taking.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The evolutionary origins of the Global Neuronal Workspace in vertebrates.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2023Review
- Anesthesia for non-traditional consciousness.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Through the looking glass: how do marked dolphins use mirrors and what does it mean?Animal cognition · 2022Article
- An evolutionary perspective on chordate brain organization and function: insights from amphioxus, and the problem of sentience.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Sliding Scale Theory of Attention and Consciousness/Unconsciousness.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- From the origins to the stream of consciousness and its neural correlates.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2022Article
- Awareness and consciousness in humans and animals - neural and behavioral correlates in an evolutionary perspective.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Article
- Article
- Disentangling perceptual awareness from nonconscious processing in rhesus monkeys (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Integrated information structure collapses with anesthetic loss of conscious arousal in Drosophila melanogaster.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- Understanding the Effects of Anesthesia on Cortical Electrophysiological Recordings: A Scoping Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Are animals conscious? If so, when did consciousness evolve? We address these long-standing and essential questions using a modern neuroscientific approach that draws on diverse fields such as consciousness studies, evolutionary neurobiology, animal psychology, and anesthesiology. We propose that the stepwise emergence from general anesthesia can serve as a reproducible model to study the evolution of consciousness across various species and use current data from anesthesiology to shed light on the phylogeny of consciousness. Ultimately, we conclude that the neurobiological structure of the vertebrate central nervous system is evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved across species and that the basic neurophysiologic mechanisms supporting consciousness in humans are found at the earliest points of vertebrate brain evolution. Thus, in agreement with Darwin's insight and the recent "Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in Non-Human Animals," a review of modern scientific data suggests that the differences between species in terms of the ability to experience the world is one of degree and not kind.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.