ReviewEuropean heart journal2013
Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: is the evidence solid?
Review in European heart journal, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Vitamin D Level and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency Is Inversely Associated with Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Insulin Resistance Is Inversely Associated with the Status of Vitamin D in Both Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Populations.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis.JAMA cardiology · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Association of Vitamin D Levels With Outcome in Patients With Melanoma After Adjustment For C-Reactive Protein.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2016Trial
- High-Dose versus Low-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation and Arterial Stiffness among Individuals with Prehypertension and Vitamin D Deficiency.Disease markers · 2015Trial
- Vitamin D Status and Atherogenic Lipid Profiles, Including Lipoprotein(a), in Elite Athletes.Nutrients · 2026Article
- The Role of Vitamin D in Neuropathic Pain: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Association Between Increased Central and Peripheral Arterial 2 Stiffness and Vitamin Intake in Healthy Adults: EVA Follow-Up 3 Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Optimal sleep duration for cardiovascular prevention in Eastern Mediterranean populations: insights from a prospective cohort study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2025Article
- Cardiac allograft vasculopathy mediates the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular mortality following heart transplantation.American heart journal · 2025Article
- Major risk factors underlying the development of metabolic syndrome in vitamin D-deficient rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- The Relationship between Frontal QRS-T Angle and Vitamin D Deficiency.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Inhibition of UVB radiation-induced tissue swelling and immune suppression by nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene.Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine · 2024Article
- Combined effects of vitamin D deficiency and systemic inflammation on all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Article
- Modulation of the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor system in osteoporosis pathogenesis: insights and therapeutic approaches.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Review
- The Role of Polymorphism in the Endothelial Homeostasis and Vitamin D Metabolism Genes in the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease.Biomedicines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency, prevalent in 30-50% of adults in developed countries, is largely due to inadequate cutaneous production that results from decreased exposure to sunlight, and to a lesser degree from low dietary intake of vitamin D. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) <20 ng/mL indicate vitamin D deficiency and levels >30 ng/mL are considered optimal. While the endocrine functions of vitamin D related to bone metabolism and mineral ion homoeostasis have been extensively studied, robust epidemiological evidence also suggests a close association between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies have demonstrated novel actions of vitamin D metabolites on cardiomyocytes, and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Low 25-OH D levels are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, vascular dysfunction, and renin-angiotensin system activation. Despite a large body of experimental, cross-sectional, and prospective evidence implicating vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, a causal relationship remains to be established. Moreover, the cardiovascular benefits of normalizing 25-OH D levels in those without renal disease or hyperparathyroidism have not been established, and questions of an epiphenomenon where vitamin D status merely reflects a classic risk burden have been raised. Randomized trials of vitamin D replacement employing cardiovascular endpoints will provide much needed evidence for determining its role in cardiovascular protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.