ArticleFrontiers in immunology2013
Structural Modifications of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide that Facilitate Gram-Negative Bacteria Evasion of Host Innate Immunity.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 244 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and immunological comparison of COVID-19 disease between critical and non-critical courses: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Kukoamine B in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Phase I Study.Advances in therapy · 2023Trial
- Article
- When folding CARDs wins the game: molecular snapshots of lipopolysaccharide sensing by the non-canonical inflammasome.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Gram-Negative Bacterial Overgrowth Predominated by: Potential Association with Intestinal Barrier Impairment and Inflammatory Diarrhea in Cats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- TLR/NF-κB activation in vitro as a tool in the assessment of occupational bioaerosol exposure and health risks in wastewater treatment plants.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Phosphoethanolamine-modified lipid A enables antimicrobial resistance and atypical signaling properties in the marine pathogenMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and inflammatory profiles in culture-positive sepsis: A retrospective cohort study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles modulate epithelial antiviral responses via macrophage-mediated immunomodulation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Structural diversity of lipid A modulates neutrophil proteome and secretome responses.Journal of proteomics · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium demonstrates novel antibacterial effects in ocular bacterial infections.Infection and immunity · 2026Article
- Role of cell-associated and secretion-independent virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis and anti-virulence therapeutic strategies.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- Influence of Gut Microbiota on Immune Responses and Protection in Volunteers Receiving the Live Attenuated Oral ETEC Vaccine ACE257 followed by Virulent ETEC H10407 Challenge.Research square · 2026Article
- Macrophage Proteomic Profiling Reveals Divergent TLR4-Dependent and -Independent Responses to KdoLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development of a counterselection system for efficient marker-free genetic manipulation inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- The rfbA Gene as a High-Resolution Marker for Pathovar-Level Classification of Xanthomonas citri and Pseudomonas syringae.The plant pathology journal · 2026Article
- TheInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Virulence arsenal of Acinetobacter baumannii: mechanisms driving persistence and resistance.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Designing and immuno-informatics evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine targeting lipoprotein A-4'-phosphatase (LpxF) forFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Potentiality of LPS in Ameliorating the Histopathological Responses in Visceral Leishmaniasis-Infected Mice.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria, is a representative pathogen-associated molecular pattern that allows mammalian cells to recognize bacterial invasion and trigger innate immune responses. The polysaccharide moiety of LPS primary plays protective roles for bacteria such as prevention from complement attacks or camouflage with common host carbohydrate residues. The lipid moiety, termed lipid A, is recognized by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD-2 complex, which transduces signals for activation of host innate immunity. The basic structure of lipid A is a glucosamine disaccharide substituted by phosphate groups and acyl groups. Lipid A with six acyl groups (hexa-acylated form) has been indicated to be a strong stimulator of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. This type of lipid A is conserved among a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria, and those bacteria are easily recognized by host cells for activation of defensive innate immune responses. Modifications of the lipid A structure to less-acylated forms have been observed in some bacterial species, and those forms are poor stimulators of the TLR4/MD-2 complex. Such modifications are thought to facilitate bacterial evasion of host innate immunity, thereby enhancing pathogenicity. This hypothesis is supported by studies of Yersinia pestis LPS, which contains hexa-acylated lipid A when the bacterium grows at 27°C (the temperature of the vector flea), and shifts to contain less-acylated forms when grown at the human body temperature of 37°C. This alteration of lipid A forms following transmission of Y. pestis from fleas to humans contributes predominantly to the virulence of this bacterium over other virulence factors. A similar role for less-acylated lipid A forms has been indicated in some other bacterial species, such as Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and further studies to explore this concept are expected.
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