ArticleJournal of molecular evolution2013
Evolution of the genetic code by incorporation of amino acids that improved or changed protein function.
Article in Journal of molecular evolution, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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18 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Origin(s) of LUCA: Computer Simulation of a New Theory.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Self-similarity and the maximum entropy principle in the genetic code.Theory in biosciences = Theorie in den Biowissenschaften · 2023Article
- On the Evolutionary History of the Twenty Encoded Amino Acids.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2022Review
- Amino Acid Specificity of Ancestral Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Prior to the Last Universal Common Ancestor Commonote commonote.Journal of molecular evolution · 2022Article
- The Origin(s) of Cell(s): Pre-Darwinian Evolution from FUCAs to LUCA : To Carl Woese (1928-2012), for his Conceptual Breakthrough of Cellular Evolution.Journal of molecular evolution · 2021Article
- Reconstruction and Characterization of Thermally Stable and Catalytically Active Proteins Comprising an Alphabet of ~ 13 Amino Acids.Journal of molecular evolution · 2020Article
- Why Nature Chose Potassium.Journal of molecular evolution · 2019Review
- The Standard Genetic Code Facilitates Exploration of the Space of Functional Nucleotide Sequences.Journal of molecular evolution · 2018Article
- Double Hydrogen Bonding between Side Chain Carboxyl Groups in Aqueous Solutions of Poly (β-L-Malic Acid): Implication for the Evolutionary Origin of Nucleic Acids.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Hypothesis of Lithocoding: Origin of the Genetic Code as a "Double Jigsaw Puzzle" of Nucleobase-Containing Molecules and Amino Acids Assembled by Sequential Filling of Apatite Mineral Cellules.Journal of molecular evolution · 2016Article
- Clues to tRNA Evolution from the Distribution of Class II tRNAs and Serine Codons in the Genetic Code.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Article
- A Model for the Origin of the First mRNAs.Journal of molecular evolution · 2015Article
- Pathways of Genetic Code Evolution in Ancient and Modern Organisms.Journal of molecular evolution · 2015Review
- The Hypothesis that the Genetic Code Originated in Coupled Synthesis of Proteins and the Evolutionary Predecessors of Nucleic Acids in Primitive Cells.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Article
- How amino acids and peptides shaped the RNA world.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
- Genetic code evolution started with the incorporation of glycine, followed by other small hydrophilic amino acids.Journal of molecular evolution · 2014Article
- The origin of the genetic code: matter of metabolism or physicochemical determinism?Journal of molecular evolution · 2013Article
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fifty years have passed since the genetic code was deciphered, but how the genetic code came into being has not been satisfactorily addressed. It is now widely accepted that the earliest genetic code did not encode all 20 amino acids found in the universal genetic code as some amino acids have complex biosynthetic pathways and likely were not available from the environment. Therefore, the genetic code evolved as pathways for synthesis of new amino acids became available. One hypothesis proposes that early in the evolution of the genetic code four amino acids-valine, alanine, aspartic acid, and glycine-were coded by GNC codons (N = any base) with the remaining codons being nonsense codons. The other sixteen amino acids were subsequently added to the genetic code by changing nonsense codons into sense codons for these amino acids. Improvement in protein function is presumed to be the driving force behind the evolution of the code, but how improved function was achieved by adding amino acids has not been examined. Based on an analysis of amino acid function in proteins, an evolutionary mechanism for expansion of the genetic code is described in which individual coded amino acids were replaced by new amino acids that used nonsense codons differing by one base change from the sense codons previously used. The improved or altered protein function afforded by the changes in amino acid function provided the selective advantage underlying the expansion of the genetic code. Analysis of amino acid properties and functions explains why amino acids are found in their respective positions in the genetic code.
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