ArticleKidney international2013
Rituximab is a safe and effective long-term treatment for children with steroid and calcineurin inhibitor-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
Article in Kidney international, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Ofatumumab Versus Rituximab in Children With Steroid and Calcineurin Inhibitor-dependent Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: an Open-label, Randomized, Controlled, Superiority Trial.
Use of IL-2 for Pediatric, Multi Drug Resistant, Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Rituximab in Patients With Low Dose Steroid-dependent Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Study of Rituximab Monotherapy VS Steroid Therapy on Children With New-onset Nephrotic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab in Treating Immune-Mediated Disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Steroid-sparing drugs in children and young adults with nephrotic syndrome: a target trial emulation.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Trial
- The efficacy and safety of rituximab monotherapy in the new onset pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Renal failure · 2025Trial
- CyTOF-Enabled Analysis Identifies Class-Switched B Cells as the Main Lymphocyte Subset Associated With Disease Relapse in Children With Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Low-dose ofatumumab for multidrug-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2020Trial
- Efficacy of Rituximab vs Tacrolimus in Pediatric Corticosteroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA pediatrics · 2018Trial
- Long-term outcome of childhood-onset complicated nephrotic syndrome after a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of rituximab.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Low-dose ofatumumab for rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome.BMJ case reports · 2015Trial
- Rituximab in Children with Steroid-Dependent Nephrotic Syndrome: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Rituximab in steroid-dependent or frequently relapsing idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2014Trial
- Evaluation of the comparative efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab and other follow-up strategies after rituximab failure in refractory nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomic signatures of T cells associated with rituximab responsiveness in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.iScience · 2026Article
- Infection prophylaxis following anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in childhood kidney diseases.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- The impact of anti-rituximab antibodies on rituximab efficacy in children with frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- [Efficacy and safety of rituximab in children with refractory nephrotic syndrome].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Clinical practice guidelines for rituximab treatment in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2025Review
- Risk factors and retreatment for relapse in childhood primary nephrotic syndrome treated with rituximab.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- The role of B lymphocyte subsets in nephrotic syndrome: functions, mechanisms, clinical significance and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, rituximab can maintain short-term remission with withdrawal of prednisone and calcineurin inhibitors. Long-term effects including the number of repeated infusions to maintain remission are unknown. To test this, we treated 46 consecutive children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome lasting for at least 1 year (mean 6.3 years), maintained in remission with oral prednisone and calcineurin inhibitors. They received 1-5 rituximab courses during a median follow-up of 3 years. Oral agents were tapered after each infusion, and completely withdrawn within 45 days. Rituximab was well tolerated. Six-month probabilities of remission were 48% after the first infusion and 37% after subsequent infusions. One- and 2-year-remission probabilities were, respectively, 20 and 10%. Median time intervals between complete oral-agent withdrawal and relapse were 5.6 and 8.5 months, respectively, following the first and subsequent courses. The time to reconstitution of CD20 cells correlated with the duration of remission, but was not associated with variation in FcyR, CD20, or SMPDL-3B polymorphisms. Podocyte Src phosphorylation was normal. Thus, rituximab can be safely and repeatedly used as a prednisone and calcineurin inhibitor-sparing therapy in a considerable proportion of children with dependent forms of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Further study is needed to identify patients who will benefit most from rituximab therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.