ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2013
Bacillus anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan but not lethal or edema toxins produces changes consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a rat model.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Anthrax toxins exacerbate sepsis-induced coagulopathy and endothelial dysfunction in a baboon model of anthrax.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Monocyte uptake of polymeric peptidoglycan is bimodal and governed by complement C3 and C4 opsonins.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Determinants of bacterial survival and proliferation in blood.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Peptidoglycan from Bacillus anthracis Inhibits Human Macrophage Efferocytosis in Part by Reducing Cell Surface Expression of MERTK and TIM-3.ImmunoHorizons · 2024Article
- Internalization of Polymeric Bacterial Peptidoglycan Occurs through Either Actin or Dynamin Dependent Pathways.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Complement C5 inhibition protects against hemolytic anemia and acute kidney injury in anthrax peptidoglycan-induced sepsis in baboons.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- A Review of the Efficacy of FDA-ApprovedToxins · 2021Review
- Hydrocortisone decreases lethality and inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production in rats challenged with B. anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2020Article
- C3 Opsonization of Anthrax Bacterium and Peptidoglycan Supports Recognition and Activation of Neutrophils.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Monocyte procoagulant responses to anthrax peptidoglycan are reinforced by proinflammatory cytokine signaling.Blood advances · 2019Article
- Article
- Serum Amyloid P and IgG Exhibit Differential Capabilities in the Activation of the Innate Immune System in Response to Bacillus anthracis Peptidoglycan.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Neither Lys- and DAP-type peptidoglycans stimulate mouse or human innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 2.PloS one · 2018Article
- Bacillus anthracis Edema Toxin Increases Fractional Free Water and Sodium Reabsorption in an Isolated Perfused Rat Kidney Model.Infection and immunity · 2017Article
- Nitric oxide production contributes to Bacillus anthracis edema toxin-associated arterial hypotension and lethality: ex vivo and in vivo studies in the rat.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2016Article
- Acquired coagulant factor VIII deficiency induced by Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin in mice.Virulence · 2015Article
- Confirmed Bacillus anthracis infection among persons who inject drugs, Scotland, 2009-2010.Emerging infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Purified cell wall from the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus gasseri activates systemic inflammation and, at higher doses, produces lethality in a rat model.Critical care (London, England) · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) appears to be important in the pathogenesis of Bacillus anthracis infection, but its causes are unclear. Although lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET) could contribute, B. anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN), not the toxins, stimulates inflammatory responses associated with DIC. METHODS AND
resultsTo better understand the pathogenesis of DIC during anthrax, we compared the effects of 24-hour infusions of PGN, LT, ET, or diluent (control) on coagulation measures 6, 24, or 48 hours after infusion initiation in 135 rats. No control recipient died. Lethality rates (approximately 30%) did not differ among PGN, LT, and ET recipients (P = .78). Thirty-three of 35 deaths (94%) occurred between 6 and 24 hours after the start of challenge. Among challenge components, PGN most consistently altered coagulation measures. Compared with control at 6 hours, PGN decreased platelet and fibrinogen levels and increased prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times and tissue factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, protein C, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels, whereas LT and ET only decreased the fibrinogen level or increased the PAI level (P ≤ .05). Nearly all effects associated with PGN infusion significantly differed from changes associated with toxin infusion (P ≤ .05 for all comparisons except for PAI level).
conclusionDIC during B. anthracis infection may be related more to components such as PGN than to LT or ET.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.