ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2013
Pregnancy-related characteristics and breast cancer risk.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Long-Term Follow-Up on Morbidity Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Pooled it
- The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and cancer in women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- BCL2A1‑ and G0S2‑driven neutrophil extracellular traps: A protective mechanism linking preeclampsia to reduced breast cancer risk.Oncology reports · 2025Article
- Sleep duration and mortality among breast cancer survivors in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes and the Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of breast cancer in the Black Women's Health Study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- Gestational diabetes and risk of breast cancer before age 55 years.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Is Gestational Diabetes Mellitus a Risk Factor of Maternal Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Article
- Incidence and relative risk for developing cancers in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study in Taiwan.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2019Review
- Pregnancy complications and subsequent breast cancer risk in the mother: a Nordic population-based case-control study.International journal of cancer · 2018Article
- Breast cancer risk in relation to history of preeclampsia and hyperemesis gravidarum: Prospective analysis in the Generations Study.International journal of cancer · 2018Article
- History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Incident Invasive Breast Cancer among Parous Women in the Nurses' Health Study II Prospective Cohort.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2017Article
- Potential Mechanisms underlying the Protective Effect of Pregnancy against Breast Cancer: A Focus on the IGF Pathway.Frontiers in oncology · 2016Review
- Reproduction and breast cancer risk.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2014Review
- First pregnancy events and future breast density: modification by age at first pregnancy and specific VEGF and IGF1R gene variants.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Breast tissues undergo extensive physiologic changes during pregnancy, which may affect breast carcinogenesis. Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, gestational diabetes, pregnancy weight gain, and nausea and vomiting (N&V) during pregnancy may be indicative of altered hormonal and metabolic profiles and could impact breast cancer risk. Here, we examined associations between these characteristics of a woman's pregnancy and her subsequent breast cancer risk. Participants were parous women that were recruited to a population-based case-control study (Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study). Cases (n = 960), aged 35-79 years, had incident, primary, histologically confirmed breast cancer. Controls (n = 1,852) were randomly selected from motor vehicle records (< 65 years) or Medicare rolls (≥ 65 years). Women were queried on their lifetime pregnancy experiences. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). N&V during pregnancy was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. Relative to those who never experienced N&V, ever experiencing N&V was associated with decreased risk (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56-0.84) as were increased N&V severity (p trend < 0.001), longer duration (p trend < 0.01), and larger proportion of affected pregnancies (p trend < 0.0001) among women with ≥ 3 pregnancies. Associations were stronger for more recent pregnancies (< 5 years). Findings did not differ by menopausal status or breast cancer subtype including estrogen receptor and HER2 expression status. Other pregnancy characteristics examined were not associated with risk. We observed strong inverse associations between pregnancy N&V and breast cancer risk. Replication of these findings and exploration of underlying mechanisms could provide important insight into breast cancer etiology and prevention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.