ArticlePlant molecular biology2013
Characterization of the GGPP synthase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Article in Plant molecular biology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers.
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71 citing papers in PubMed, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- Farnesol and geranylgeraniol in plant reproduction: insights from Arabidopsis and beyond.Journal of experimental botany · 2026Review
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- Protein Prenylation Makeovers in Plants: Insights into Substrate Diversification.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- TkSRPP3/4 interactors TkGGR1 and TkLIL3 link plastid-like organelles with isoprenoid metabolism in Taraxacum koksaghyz latex.Plant cell reports · 2025Article
- Advances in the Biosynthesis of Plant Terpenoids: Models, Mechanisms, and Applications.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Profiling of Known and Novel microRNAs in an Oleaginous Crop Native to the Amazon Basin, Sacha Inchi (Genes · 2025Article
- Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Function of Carotenoids in Oxygenic Phototrophic Algae.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Full-length transcriptome profiling ofPeerJ · 2025Article
- Systematic characterization and functional analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Gibberellin-mediated internode elongation in grasses with a focus on bamboo: molecular pathways and regulatory networks.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Review
- Genome-Wide Identification of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPS) Gene Family Associated with Natural Rubber Synthesis inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Overexpression of theFrontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- An Engineered Heat-Inducible Expression System for the Production of Casbene inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A quantitative method to measure geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and geranylgeranyl monophosphate (GGP) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit.Plant methods · 2023Article
- Genome-wide identification of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS) gene family involved in chlorophyll synthesis in cotton.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- Bacterial Volatiles (mVOC) Emitted by the PhytopathogenAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Mechanism of Color Formation in Yellow-Fleshed Kiwifruit.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A Small Subunit of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Functions as an Active Regulator of Carotenoid Synthesis inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Overexpression of a pseudo-etiolated-in-light-like protein inFrontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Key Metabolic Genes and Transcription Factors Involved in Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Sacred Lotus.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is a key precursor of various isoprenoids that have diverse functions in plant metabolism and development. The annotation of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome predicts 12 genes to encode geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPS). In this study we analyzed GGPPS activity as well as the subcellular localization and tissue-specific expression of the entire protein family in A. thaliana. GGPPS2 (At2g18620), GGPPS3 (At2g18640), GGPPS6 (At3g14530), GGPPS7 (At3g14550), GGPPS8 (At3g20160), GGPPS9 (At3g29430), GGPPS10 (At3g32040) and GGPPS11 (At4g36810) showed GGPPS activity in Escherichia coli, similar to activities reported earlier for GGPPS1 (At1g49530) and GGPPS4 (At2g23800) (Zhu et al. in Plant Cell Physiol 38(3):357-361, 1997a; Plant Mol Biol 35(3):331-341, b). GGPPS12 (At4g38460) did not produce GGPP in E. coli. Based on DNA sequence analysis we propose that GGPPS5 (At3g14510) is a pseudogene. GGPPS-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion proteins of the ten functional GGPP synthases localized to plastids, mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, with the majority of the enzymes located in plastids. Gene expression analysis using quantitative real time-PCR, GGPPS promoter-GUS (β-glucuronidase) assays and publicly available microarray data revealed a differential spatio-temporal expression of GGPPS genes. The results suggest that plastids and mitochondria are key subcellular compartments for the synthesis of ubiquitous GGPP-derived isoprenoid species. GGPPS11 and GGPPS1 are the major isozymes responsible for their biosynthesis. All remaining paralogs, encoding six plastidial isozymes and two cytosolic isozymes, were expressed in specific tissues and/or at specific developmental stages, suggesting their role in developmentally regulated isoprenoid biosynthesis. Our results show that of the 12 predicted GGPPS encoded in the A. thaliana genome 10 are functional proteins that can synthesize GGPP. Their specific subcellular location and differential expression pattern suggest subfunctionalization in providing GGPP to specific tissues, developmental stages, or metabolic pathways.
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