ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2013
Frequency and implications of HIV superinfection.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Single-cell RNA sequencing offers novel perspectives in viral infection research.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of sexual health interventions in reducing risky sexual behaviors among people living with HIV: a network meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- HIV infection disclosure, treatment self-efficacy and quality of life in HIV-infected MSM receiving antiretroviral therapy.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Sexual risk behavior among HIV-infected women in South Africa at 12-months postpartum.AIDS care · 2019Trial
- First Phase I human clinical trial of a killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine: demonstration of its safety and enhancement of anti-HIV antibody responses.Retrovirology · 2016Trial
- Limited HIV-1 superinfection in seroconverters from the CAPRISA 004 Microbicide Trial.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2014Trial
- HIV-1 superinfection occurs less frequently than initial infection in a cohort of high-risk Kenyan women.PLoS pathogens · 2013Trial
- HIV superinfection reveals sequential reservoir reactivation and immune-driven rebound dynamics.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- HIV-1 virome profiling using HIV-PULSE to guide therapeutic and curative interventions.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Engineering HIV antibodies with enhanced breadth and potency of neutralization through multistate affinity maturation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Interprotomer crosstalk in mosaic viral glycoprotein trimers provides insight into polyvalent immunogen co-assembly.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- HIV Superinfection in Kidney Transplant Recipients With HIV Who Received Organs From Donors With HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Development and verification of a novel tiling PCR method for long-range HIV-1 sequencing in a diagnostic setting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Quantifying prevalence and risk factors of HIV multiple infection in Uganda from population-based deep-sequence data.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- PacBio high-fidelity near full-length genome sequencing for HIV-1 quasispecies: methodological framework and validation.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The genetic architecture of HIV-1 virulence.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- HOPE springs eternal: lack of HIV superinfection in HIV Organ Policy Equity Act kidney transplants.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Longitudinal analysis of viral dynamics in HIV+-to-HIV+ HOPE Act kidney-transplant recipients.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Can Support Groups Improve Treatment Adherence and Reduce Sexual Risk Behavior among Young People Living with HIV? Results from a Cohort Study in South Africa.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
HIV superinfection occurs when an individual with HIV is infected with a new distinct HIV viral strain. Superinfection has been reported throughout the world, and studies have recorded incidence rates of 0-7·7% per year. Use of next-generation sequencing has improved detection of superinfection, which can be transmitted by injecting drug use and sexual intercourse. Superinfection might have incidence rates comparable to those of initial HIV infection. Clinicians should encourage safe sexual and injecting drug use practices for HIV-infected patients because superinfection has detrimental effects on clinical outcomes and could pose a concern for large-scale antiretroviral treatment plans. The occurrence of superinfection has implications for vaccine research, since it seems initial HIV infection is not fully protective against a subsequent infection. Additional collaborative research could benefit care of patients and inform future vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.