Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23722424›Full record

SynthesisScience (New York, N.Y.)2013

GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment.

Cornelius A Rietveld, Sarah E Medland, Jaime Derringer, Jian Yang, Tõnu Esko, Nicolas W Martin, Harm-Jan Westra, Konstantin Shakhbazov, Abdel Abdellaoui, Arpana Agrawal and 194 more

Open access · greenAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 393 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
393citing papers in PubMed, 17 pooled it
62.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

393 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 912 citations in OpenAlex.

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  20. Causal effects of reproductive traits on cognitive function: A two-sample and multivariable mendelian randomization study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026
    Article

333 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

204 authors at 20 institutions in 19 countries.

Cornelius A RietveldDepartment of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Sarah E Medland
Jaime Derringer
Jian Yang
Tõnu Esko
Nicolas W Martin
Harm-Jan Westra
Konstantin Shakhbazov
Abdel Abdellaoui
Arpana Agrawal
Eva Albrecht
Behrooz Z Alizadeh
Najaf Amin
John Barnard
Sebastian E Baumeister
Kelly S Benke
Lawrence F Bielak
Jeffrey A Boatman
Patricia A Boyle
Gail Davies
Christiaan de Leeuw
Niina Eklund
Daniel S Evans
Rudolf Ferhmann
Krista Fischer
Christian Gieger
Håkon K Gjessing
Sara Hägg
Jennifer R Harris
Caroline Hayward
Christina Holzapfel
Carla A Ibrahim-Verbaas
Erik Ingelsson
Bo Jacobsson
Peter K Joshi
Astanand Jugessur
Marika Kaakinen
Stavroula Kanoni
Juha Karjalainen
Ivana Kolcic
Kati Kristiansson
Zoltán Kutalik
Jari Lahti
Sang H Lee
Peng Lin
Penelope A Lind
Yongmei Liu
Kurt Lohman
Marisa Loitfelder
George McMahon
Pedro Marques Vidal
Osorio Meirelles
Lili Milani
Ronny Myhre
Marja-Liisa Nuotio
Christopher J Oldmeadow
Katja E Petrovic
Wouter J Peyrot
Ozren Polasek
Lydia Quaye
Eva Reinmaa
John P Rice
Thais S Rizzi
Helena Schmidt
Reinhold Schmidt
Albert V Smith
Jennifer A Smith
Toshiko Tanaka
Antonio Terracciano
Matthijs J H M van der Loos
Veronique Vitart
Henry Völzke
Jürgen Wellmann
Lei Yu
Wei Zhao
Jüri Allik
John R Attia
Stefania Bandinelli
François Bastardot
Jonathan Beauchamp
David A Bennett
Klaus Berger
Laura J Bierut
Dorret I Boomsma
Ute Bültmann
Harry Campbell
Christopher F Chabris
Lynn Cherkas
Mina K Chung
Francesco Cucca
Mariza de Andrade
Philip L De Jager
Jan-Emmanuel De Neve
Ian J Deary
George V Dedoussis
Panos Deloukas
Maria Dimitriou
Guðny Eiríksdóttir
Martin F Elderson
Johan G Eriksson
David M Evans
Jessica D Faul
Luigi Ferrucci
Melissa E Garcia
Henrik Grönberg
Vilmundur Guðnason
Per Hall
Juliette M Harris
Tamara B Harris
Nicholas D Hastie
Andrew C Heath
Dena G Hernandez
Wolfgang Hoffmann
Adriaan Hofman
Rolf Holle
Elizabeth G Holliday
Jouke-Jan Hottenga
William G Iacono
Thomas Illig
Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
Mika Kähönen
Jaakko Kaprio
Robert M Kirkpatrick
Matthew Kowgier
Antti Latvala
Lenore J Launer
Debbie A Lawlor
Terho Lehtimäki
Jingmei Li
Paul Lichtenstein
Peter Lichtner
David C Liewald
Pamela A Madden
Patrik K E Magnusson
Tomi E Mäkinen
Marco Masala
Matt McGue
Andres Metspalu
Andreas Mielck
Michael B Miller
Grant W Montgomery
Sutapa Mukherjee
Dale R Nyholt
Ben A Oostra
Lyle J Palmer
Aarno Palotie
Brenda W J H Penninx
Markus Perola
Patricia A Peyser
Martin Preisig
Katri Räikkönen
Olli T Raitakari
Anu Realo
Susan M Ring
Samuli Ripatti
Fernando Rivadeneira
Igor Rudan
Aldo Rustichini
Veikko Salomaa
Antti-Pekka Sarin
David Schlessinger
Rodney J Scott
Harold Snieder
Beate St Pourcain
John M Starr
Jae Hoon Sul
Ida Surakka
Rauli Svento
Alexander Teumer
LifeLines Cohort Study
Henning Tiemeier
Frank J A van Rooij
David R Van Wagoner
Erkki Vartiainen
Jorma Viikari
Peter Vollenweider
Judith M Vonk
Gérard Waeber
David R Weir
H-Erich Wichmann
Elisabeth Widen
Gonneke Willemsen
James F Wilson
Alan F Wright
Dalton Conley
George Davey-Smith
Lude Franke
Patrick J F Groenen
Albert Hofman
Magnus Johannesson
Sharon L R Kardia
Robert F Krueger
David Laibson
Nicholas G Martin
Michelle N Meyer
Danielle Posthuma
A Roy Thurik
Nicholas J Timpson
André G Uitterlinden
Cornelia M van Duijn
Peter M Visscher
Daniel J Benjamin
David Cesarini
Philipp D Koellinger
Erasmus MC · NLUniversity of Helsinki · FIUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLNational Institute on Aging · USUniversity of Minnesota · USUniversity of Michigan · USUniversity of Tartu · EEHelmholtz Zentrum München · DENorwegian Institute of Public Health · NOUniversity of Edinburgh · GBWashington University in St. Louis · USAmsterdam University College · NLInstitute of Genetics and Cancer · GBQIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · AUThe University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Bristol · GBAmsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLHunter Medical Research Institute · AUKarolinska Institutet · SEMedical University of Graz · AT

Funding

HRS Yrs29-34: Y33 SSA CoFundingU01AG009740 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Jessica Faul, KENNETH M LANGA · 1990 to 2026
$555.8M
Understanding and Improving Healthcare Decision-Making and Outcomes for People Living with Alzheimer's Disease and Related DementiasP01AG005842 · NIA · NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH · PI Katherine Baicker · 1986 to 2026
$56.5M
NBER Center for Aging and Health Research-Post COVID-19 Experiences Among Adults with ADRDP30AG012810 · NIA · NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH · PI DAVID M CUTLER · 1999 to 2026
$24.6M
RISK FACTORS, PATHOLOGY, AND CLINICAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADR01AG015819 · NIA · RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI BENNETT, DAVID ALAN · 1998 to 2024
$21.4M
The Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine DependenceP01CA089392 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BIERUT, LAURA J. · 2001 to 2012
$17.3M
Substance Abuse & Behavioral Disinhibition: Integrating Genes & EnvironmentU01DA024417 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI IACONO, WILLIAM G. · 2007 to 2010
$10.8M
NBER Training Program in Aging and Health EconomicsT32AG000186 · NIA · NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH · PI CUTLER, DAVID M, FINKELSTEIN, AMY N. · 1989 to 2024
$9.6M
CHARGE Consortium: Omics Discovery for CVD and Aging PhenotypesR01HL105756 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Bruce M Psaty, NICHOLAS L SMITH · 2011 to 2026
$9.5M
TWIN STUDY OF FEMALE ALCOHOLISMS AND OTHER DISORDERSR01AA009367 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI MCGUE, MATTHEW K. · 1992 to 2013
$9.0M
Statistical Methods for X-Chromosome Genetic DataP01GM099568 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI WEIR, BRUCE S. · 2012 to 2016
$7.3M
Twin Family Study of Vulnerability to Substance AbuseR37DA005147 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI IACONO, WILLIAM G. · 2009 to 2018
$6.4M
CLINICAL PROJECT: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Study on the Multi-omics of Aging: A clinical epidemiologic prospective studyZIAAG007380 · NIA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING · PI LAUNER, LENORE J · 2009 to 2025
$6.1M
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/F019394/1Chief Scientist Office CZB/4/710Chief Scientist Office ETM/55Intramural NIH HHS Z01 AG000196Intramural NIH HHS Z01 AG001050Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AG000196Medical Research Council G0600705Medical Research Council G0700704Medical Research Council G9815508Medical Research Council MC_PC_15018Medical Research Council MC_PC_U127561128Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/3Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/4Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/5Medical Research Council MR/K026992/1NCI NIH HHS P01 CA089392NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL090620NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL105756NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL111314NIAAA NIH HHS AA09367NIAAA NIH HHS AA11886NIAAA NIH HHS K05 AA017688NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA009367NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA011886NIAAA NIH HHS R37 AA009367NIA NIH HHS P01 AG005842NIA NIH HHS P01-AG005842NIA NIH HHS P01-AG005842-20S2NIA NIH HHS P30 AG012810NIA NIH HHS P30-AG012810NIA NIH HHS R01 AG015819NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000186NIA NIH HHS T32-AG000186-23NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000196NIA NIH HHS U01 AG009740NIDA NIH HHS DA024417NIDA NIH HHS DA029377NIDA NIH HHS DA05147NIDA NIH HHS DA13240NIDA NIH HHS F31 DA029377NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA013240NIDA NIH HHS R37 DA005147NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA024417NIGMS NIH HHS P01 GM099568NIMH NIH HHS MH016880NIMH NIH HHS MH066140NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH066140NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH016880
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

Indexed as

Educational StatusGenome-Wide Association StudyPolymorphism, Single NucleotideCognitionEndophenotypesFemaleGenetic LociHumansMaleMultifactorial Inheritance

Identifiers

PMID23722424
PMCPMC3751588
OpenAlexW2142161268

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.