ArticleFrontiers in immunology2013
Mechanisms of action of adjuvants.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 362 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
362 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 724 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
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- Human memory T cell dynamics after aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
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- Plasmid-DNA EncodedPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Immunomodulatory effects of glycyrrhizin and glucomannan on cytokine gene expression in human PBMCs: implications for vaccine adjuvant development.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Advances in Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines (2010-2025).Vaccines · 2026Review
- Pygenic acid A, a small-molecule PD-1/SHP-2 inhibitor, enhances efficacy of therapeutic melanoma vaccines and prophylactic influenza vaccines.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Redispersible nanoalum-adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine microneedles with enhanced immunogenicity.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- CpG 1018 augments mRNA vaccine-induced anti-tumor immunity by potentiating CD8+ T cell responses.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Recent Advances, Bottlenecks, and Future Directions inVaccines · 2026Review
- Investigating the In Vitro Immunomodulatory Potential of Microparticulate β-L-Adenosine in Particulate Vaccine Candidates.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Intranasal unadjuvanted LcrV boosts parental Yersinia OMV primed lung immunity against pneumonic plague in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Disrupting PDGFRA-driven immune evasion in glioma: vaccine-based strategies on the horizon.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Swine Group A rotavirus vaccines: current status, adjuvant strategies, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy of Nanoemulsion-Adjuvanted Monkeypox Virus Recombinant Vaccines Against Lethal Challenge in Mice.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
302 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Adjuvants are used in many vaccines, but their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Studies from the past decade on adjuvant mechanisms are slowly revealing the secrets of adjuvant activity. In this review, we have summarized the recent progress in our understanding of the mechanisms of action of adjuvants. Adjuvants may act by a combination of various mechanisms including formation of depot, induction of cytokines and chemokines, recruitment of immune cells, enhancement of antigen uptake and presentation, and promoting antigen transport to draining lymph nodes. It appears that adjuvants activate innate immune responses to create a local immuno-competent environment at the injection site. Depending on the type of innate responses activated, adjuvants can alter the quality and quantity of adaptive immune responses. Understanding the mechanisms of action of adjuvants will provide critical information on how innate immunity influences the development of adaptive immunity, help in rational design of vaccines against various diseases, and can inform on adjuvant safety.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.