ReviewCNS drugs2013
Intranasal insulin as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease: a review of basic research and clinical evidence.
Review in CNS drugs, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 212 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
212 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 462 citations in OpenAlex.
- [The role of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review].Problemy endokrinologii · 2023Pooled it
- GLP-1 receptor agonists for Parkinson's disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Intranasal insulin in Alzheimer's dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2018Pooled it
- High-dose intranasal insulin in an adaptive dose-escalation study in healthy human participants.Clinical and translational science · 2024Trial
- Safety of intranasal insulin administration in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery: An open-label, nonrandomized, dose-escalation study.JTCVS open · 2024Trial
- Intranasal Insulin Attenuates the Long-Term Adverse Effects of Neonatal Hyperglycemia on the Hippocampus in Rats.Developmental neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Effects of intranasal insulin as an enhancer of fear extinction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Intranasal insulin enhanced resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampal regions in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes · 2015Trial
- Trial
- A single-dose pilot trial of intranasal rapid-acting insulin in apolipoprotein E4 carriers with mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease.CNS drugs · 2014Trial
- Association of Serum Lithium Levels with Insulin Resistance in Type-2 Diabetes Patients.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Repurposing insulin for Alzheimer's disease treatment: intranasal delivery of a thermoresponsive nanocarrier-based insulin formulation to the brain.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- The Efficacy of Intranasal Insulin in the Treatment of Post-Viral Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Brain: Exploring the Expanding Role and Safety in Neuropsychiatry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Narrative Review "Dual Frontiers in Neurodegeneration: Pharmacological Synergies and Divergences in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus".Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Brain peptides in Alzheimer's disease - pathophysiology and therapeutic advances.Cell and tissue research · 2026Review
- The cribriform plate: A dynamic central nervous system-immune hub.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Peptide-Based Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: Medicinal Chemistry, AI-Guided Computational Design, and Blood-Brain Barrier Delivery.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Advances in Nose-to-Brain Delivery Systems for Effective Alzheimer's Disease Management.Current Alzheimer research · 2026Review
- Review
152 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Research in animals and humans has associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) with decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in combination with decreased insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) in the brain. This phenomenon is accompanied by attenuated receptor expression of insulin and insulin-like growth factor, enhanced serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, and impaired transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, clinical trials have demonstrated that intranasal insulin improves both memory performance and metabolic integrity of the brain in patients suffering from AD or its prodrome, mild cognitive impairment. These results, in conjunction with the finding that insulin mitigates hippocampal synapse vulnerability to beta amyloid, a peptide thought to be causative in the development of AD, provide a strong rationale for hypothesizing that pharmacological strategies bolstering brain insulin signaling, such as intranasal administration of insulin, could have significant potential in the treatment and prevention of AD. With this view in mind, the review at hand will present molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects of intranasal insulin. Then, we will discuss the results of intranasal insulin studies that have demonstrated that enhancing brain insulin signaling improves memory and learning processes in both cognitively healthy and impaired humans. Finally, we will provide an overview of neuroimaging studies indicating that disturbances in insulin metabolism--such as insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes and AD--and altered brain responses to insulin are linked to decreased cerebral volume and especially to hippocampal atrophy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.