ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2013
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation induces microRNA-dependent reexpression of functional RARβ and tumor regression.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between Toll-like receptor 3 polymorphisms and cancer risk: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
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- Poly(I:C) signaling induces robust CXCL10 production and apoptosis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.Human cell · 2025Article
- Current update on toll-like receptors and prostate cancer: a decade of progress and emerging insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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- Stem Cells as Target for Prostate cancer Therapy: Opportunities and Challenges.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Review
- Identification and Characterization of Small-Molecule IRF3-Dependent Immune Activators for Pharmaceutical Development.ACS chemical biology · 2022Article
- Toll-like receptor-targeted anti-tumor therapies: Advances and challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Involvement of host microRNAs in flavivirus-induced neuropathology: An update.Journal of biosciences · 2022Review
- Poly(I:C) transfection induces a pro-inflammatory cascade in murine mammary carcinoma and fibrosarcoma cells.RNA biology · 2022Article
- Human prostate epithelial cells and prostate-derived stem cells malignantly transformed in vitro with sodium arsenite show impaired Toll like receptor -3 (TLR3)-associated anti-tumor pathway.Toxicology letters · 2021Article
- Non-coding RNA crosstalk with nuclear receptors in liver disease.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease · 2021Review
- Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Human Tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Article
- Immunomodulator polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid enhances the inhibitory effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on neuroblastoma through a TLR3-related immunogenic-apoptotic response.Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology · 2020Article
- Retinoic acid and microRNA.Methods in enzymology · 2020Article
- Article
- The Downregulation of MicroRNA hsa-miR-340-5p in IAV-Infected A549 Cells Suppresses Viral Replication by Targeting RIG-I and OAS2.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2019Article
- The Stability of Medicinal Plant microRNAs in the Herb Preparation Process.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines-T Cell Responses and Epigenetic Modulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
18 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a key effector of the innate immune system against viruses. Activation of TLR3 exerts an antitumoral effect through a mechanism of action still poorly understood. Here we show that TLR3 activation by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induces up-regulation of microRNA-29b, -29c, -148b, and -152 in tumor-derived cell lines and primary tumors. In turn, these microRNAs induce reexpression of epigenetically silenced genes by targeting DNA methyltransferases. In DU145 and TRAMP-C1 prostate and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we demonstrated that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-mediated activation of TLR3 induces microRNAs targeting DNA methyltransferases, leading to demethylation and reexpression of the oncosuppressor retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ). As a result, cancer cells become sensitive to retinoic acid and undergo apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides evidence of an antitumoral mechanism of action upon TLR3 activation and the biological rationale for a combined TLR3 agonist/retinoic acid treatment of prostate and breast cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.