ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2013
Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate and lactic acid combinations reduce herpes simplex virus infectivity.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- mCell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Advances regarding physiological functions and mechanisms of theaflavin‑3,3'‑digallate (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Vaginal microbiome structure in pregnancy and host factors predict preterm birth: Results from the ECHO Cohort.Annals of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Lactic acid produced by optimal vaginal Lactobacillus spp. potently and specifically inactivates HIV-1 in vitro by targeting the viral RNA genome and reverse transcriptase.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- Discovering a new paradigm: Gut microbiota as a central modulator of sexual health.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2025Review
- Review
- A systematic review of tea pigments: Prevention of major diseases, protection of organs, and potential mechanisms and applications.Food science & nutrition · 2023Review
- Lactic acid from vaginal microbiota enhances cervicovaginal epithelial barrier integrity by promoting tight junction protein expression.Microbiome · 2022Article
- The Impact of Over-The-Counter Lactic Acid Containing Vaginal Gels on the Integrity and Inflammatory State of the Vaginal EpitheliumFrontiers in reproductive health · 2022Article
- Restriction factor compendium for influenza A virus reveals a mechanism for evasion of autophagy.Nature microbiology · 2021Article
- The Complex Link between the Female Genital Microbiota, Genital Infections, and Inflammation.Infection and immunity · 2021Review
- Constitutive immune mechanisms: mediators of host defence and immune regulation.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2021Review
- Theaflavin-3,3'-Digallate Promotes the Formation of Osteoblasts Under Inflammatory Environment and Increases the Bone Mass of Ovariectomized Mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2020Review
- Tea Polyphenols EGCG and Theaflavin Inhibit the Activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-ProteaseEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2020Article
- Vaginal pH measured in vivo: lactobacilli determine pH and lactic acid concentration.BMC microbiology · 2019Article
- Distinct Immune Responses Elicited From Cervicovaginal Epithelial Cells by Lactic Acid and Short Chain Fatty Acids Associated With Optimal and Non-optimal Vaginal Microbiota.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Article
- The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology.The Journal of physiology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The present study examined the efficacy of using multiple mechanisms as part of a topical microbicide to inactivate herpes simplex virus (HSV) by combining theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF-3) and lactic acid (LA) over the pH range of 4.0 to 5.7 to mimic conditions in the female reproductive tract. Six clinical isolates of HSV-2 and two clinical isolates of HSV-1 were almost completely inactivated when TF-3 (100 μM) was present with LA over the pH range of 4.5 to 5.7, whereas four additional HSV-1 clinical isolates required TF-3 concentrations of 250 to 500 μM for comparable virus titer reduction. LA (1%) alone at pH 4.0 reduced the titers of laboratory and clinical isolates of HSV-1 and HSV-2 by ≥ 5 log10, but most LA-dependent antiviral activity was lost at a pH of ≥ 4.5. When HSV-1 and HSV-2 were incubated at pH 4.0 without LA virus titers were not reduced. At pH 4.0, HSV-1 and HSV-2 titers were reduced 5 log(10) in 20 min by LA alone. TF-3 reduced HSV-2 titers by 5 log10 in 20 to 30 min at pH 4.5, whereas HSV-1 required 60 min for comparable inactivation. Mixtures of TF-3 and LA stored at 37 °C for 1 month at pH 4.0 to 5.7 maintained antiviral activity. Semen, but not cervical vaginal fluid, decreased LA-dependent antiviral activity at pH 4.0, but adding TF-3 to the mixture reduced HSV titers by 4 to 5 log10. These results indicate that a combination microbicide containing TF-3 and LA could reduce HSV transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.