Trial reportImmunology2013
Rapamycin unbalances the polarization of human macrophages to M1.
Trial report in Immunology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeted activation of PPARG or AKT1 alleviates liver injury in mice with type 2 diabetes and sepsis by modulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Macrophage polarization plasticity in pulmonary fibrosis: a review from pathogenesis to therapeutic targeting.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Immune Reprogramming by Rapamycin Attenuates Plaque Inflammation and Lymphoid Immune Responses in Aged Atherosclerotic Mice.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Development of aBioactive materials · 2026Article
- Aligned core-sheath structured fibers prevent intimal hyperplasia via modulate macrophage polarization and smooth muscle cell phenotype in vascular regeneration.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Targeting mTOR in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Immune Cell Dysfunction to Clinical Translation.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Monocyte/Macrophage Subsets in the Peripheral Blood, Their Related Cytokines, and Circulating Markers of Fibrosis in Active Takayasu Arteritis and Longitudinal Changes Following Immunosuppressive Therapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- mTORC1 inhibition by sirolimus as adjunctive treatment in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Immune microenvironment of infantile hemangioma: cellular dynamics, molecular networks, and emerging immunomodulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles for targeted therapy.Discover nano · 2025Review
- TREM2 Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Improves Neurogenesis in ApoEMolecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Deciphering macrophage dynamics and immune evasion strategies by the intracellular bacteria.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- Biphasic control of the B cell transcriptome by mTORC1 and GSK3.Cell reports · 2025Article
- mTOR Signaling in Macrophages: All Depends on the Context.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- M2 Macrophages-Based Immunotherapy: A New Therapeutic Approach in Liver Fibrosis.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial dynamics reveal potential to facilitate axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: an important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of MASLD/MASH.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- The role of everolimus in malignant bone tumor therapy: Molecular mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and advances in clinical applications.Oncology reviews · 2025Review
- Phosphoproteomic Profiling Reveals mTOR Signaling in Sustaining Macrophage Phagocytosis of Cancer Cells.Cancers · 2024Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Plasticity is a hallmark of macrophages, and in response to environmental signals these cells undergo different forms of polarized activation, the extremes of which are called classic (M1) and alternative (M2). Rapamycin (RAPA) is crucial for survival and functions of myeloid phagocytes, but its effects on macrophage polarization are not yet studied. To address this issue, human macrophages obtained from six normal blood donors were polarized to M1 or M2 in vitro by lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ or interleukin-4 (IL-4), respectively. The presence of RAPA (10 ng/ml) induced macrophage apoptosis in M2 but not in M1. Beyond the impact on survival in M2, RAPA reduced CXCR4, CD206 and CD209 expression and stem cell growth factor-β, CCL18 and CCL13 release. In contrast, in M1 RAPA increased CD86 and CCR7 expression and IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-1β release but reduced CD206 and CD209 expression and IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor and CCL18 release. In view of the in vitro data, we examined the in vivo effect of RAPA monotherapy (0·1 mg/kg/day) in 12 patients who were treated for at least 1 month before islet transplant. Cytokine release by Toll-like receptor 4-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a clear shift to an M1-like profile. Moreover, macrophage polarization 21 days after treatment showed a significant quantitative shift to M1. These results suggest a role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) into the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and propose new therapeutic strategies for human M2-related diseases through mTOR inhibitor treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.