ArticleCell reports2013
The innate immune DNA sensor cGAS produces a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide that activates human STING.
Article in Cell reports, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 463 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
463 citing papers in PubMed, 739 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoengineered STING agonists for cancer therapy: toward immunodynamic control.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- The NLRP3 inflammasome at the crossroads of innate immune signaling and cell death.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- STING agonist profiling by nucleotide library defines structural determinants of cyclic dinucleotide recognition.iScience · 2026Article
- The cGAS/STING pathway in cancer: translating innate DNA sensing into therapeutic potential.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Review
- The mutational landscape of STING-induced immunity.Nature · 2026Article
- Emerging roles of the cGAS/STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Characterization of a transmembrane-activating STING agonist using genetically humanized mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Lactylation: a novel post-translational modification for cGAS-STING pathway.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Boosting the immune response and protective efficacy of inactivated PRV vaccine using cGAMP as a mucosal adjuvant.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Barrier-to-autointegration factor protects against the cGAS-STING response to chromatin bridges.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Article
- FADD is recruited to activated STING oligomers to initiate caspase-mediated NF-κB activation in Drosophila melanogaster.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Type-1 interferons associated with microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- CypD Dependent mPTP Opening Is Crucial for Oxidized Mitochondrial DNA Release in Ferroptosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Calibrating the RT-cGAS-STING axis to drive cold-to-hot tumor transformation: mechanistic foundations and translational strategies for combination with immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Role of E5 from HPV16 in the Evasion of the Immune Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Dual roles of TRPV2 in the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA: Arresting dormant and boosting activated STING.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Cucurbitacin B Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inducing Ferroptosis and Activating the cGAS-STING Pathway.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- In silico discovery and mechanistic profiling of STING agonists engaging the transmembrane domain.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
403 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The presence of foreign DNA in the cytosol of mammalian cells elicits a potent antiviral interferon response. Recently, cytosolic DNA was proposed to induce the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) upon binding to an enzyme called cGAMP synthase (cGAS). cGAMP activates an interferon response by binding to a downstream receptor called STING. Here, we identify natural variants of human STING (hSTING) that are poorly responsive to cGAMP yet, unexpectedly, are normally responsive to DNA and cGAS signaling. We explain this paradox by demonstrating that the cGAS product is actually a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide, cyclic [G(2'-5')pA(3'-5')p], which contains a single 2'-5' phosphodiester bond. Cyclic [G(2'-5')pA(3'-5')p] potently activates diverse hSTING receptors and, therefore, may be a useful adjuvant or immunotherapeutic. Our results indicate that hSTING variants have evolved to distinguish conventional (3'-5') cyclic dinucleotides, known to be produced mainly by bacteria, from the noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide produced by mammalian cGAS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.