Evidence map›Paper›PMID 23702047›Full record

Trial reportEpidemiology and infection2014

The impact of a school-based water supply and treatment, hygiene, and sanitation programme on pupil diarrhoea: a cluster-randomized trial.

M C Freeman, T Clasen, R Dreibelbis, S Saboori, L E Greene, B Brumback, R Muga, R Rheingans

Open access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Epidemiology and infection, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
6.0field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Hand-washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021
    Pooled it
  4. Does Basic Sanitation Prevent Diarrhea? Contextualizing Recent Intervention Trials through a Historical Lens.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Pooled it
  5. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in Low-Income Countries: A Review of Evidence of Impact.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
    Pooled it
  9. Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
    Pooled it
  10. Trial
  11. Trial
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Trial
  17. Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.

M C FreemanCenter for Global Safe Water, Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
T ClasenFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
R DreibelbisCenter for Global Safe Water, Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
S SabooriCenter for Global Safe Water, Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
L E GreeneCenter for Global Safe Water, Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
B BrumbackDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Florida, FL, USA.
R MugaTropical Institute for Community Health and Development, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, Kenya.
R RheingansDepartment of Global and Environmental Health, University of Florida, FL, USA.
Emory University · USUniversity of Florida · USGreat Lakes University of Kisumu · KELondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The impact of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access on mitigating illness is well documented, although impact of school-based WASH on school-aged children has not been rigorously explored. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in Nyanza Province, Kenya to assess the impact of a school-based WASH intervention on diarrhoeal disease in primary-school pupils. Two study populations were used: schools with a nearby dry season water source and those without. Pupils attending 'water-available' schools that received hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP&WT) and sanitation improvements showed no difference in period prevalence or duration of illness compared to pupils attending control schools. Those pupils in schools that received only the HP&WT showed similar results. Pupils in 'water-scarce' schools that received a water-supply improvement, HP&WT and sanitation showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence and days of illness. Our study revealed mixed results on the impact of improvements to school WASH improvements on pupil diarrhoea.

Indexed as

HygieneSchool Health ServicesWater SupplyChildDiarrheaFemaleHealth PromotionHumansKenyaMalePrevalenceSanitationStudents

Identifiers

PMID23702047
PMCPMC9151148
OpenAlexW2119579564

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.