ReviewJournal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology2013
Drainage of cells and soluble antigen from the CNS to regional lymph nodes.
Review in Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advancements and challenges: immunotherapy therapy in high-grade glioma - a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Comparative effect of immunotherapy and standard therapy in patients with high grade glioma: a meta-analysis of published clinical trials.Scientific reports · 2018Pooled it
- Article
- Therapeutic targeting of neuroimmune mechanisms in neurodegeneration.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Deep cervical lymph node analysis in central nervous system inflammatory disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fluorescent-Based Analysis of T Cells and T-Cell-Dependent Bispecific Antibody in a Brain Tumor Mouse Model.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- SPIONActa neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Novel Perineural Pathways and the Dynamics of SIV-Infected Macrophage Trafficking Out of the Central Nervous System.The American journal of pathology · 2025Article
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Within and beyond the tumor: Mechanisms of glioblastoma-induced immunosuppression.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- The emerging role of biomaterial applications in cerebral lymphatic surgical interventions: A narrative review.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2025Review
- Immunosuppressive Formulations for Immunological Defense against Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- IQGAP2 regulates blood-brain barrier immune dynamics.iScience · 2025Article
- Early olfactory dysfunction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reflects transient brain barrier breach and initiation of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
- B cell-based therapy produces antibodies that inhibit glioblastoma growth.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Review
- IQGAP2 regulates blood-brain barrier immune dynamics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- VEGF-C prophylaxis favors lymphatic drainage and modulates neuroinflammation in a stroke model.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- The Role of NRF2 in Cerebrovascular Protection: Implications for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID).International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Mechanisms of mitophagy and oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the absence of conventional lymphatics, there is efficient drainage of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains from the subarachnoid space by channels that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the nasal mucosa and cervical lymph nodes in animals and in humans; antigen presenting cells (APC) migrate along this pathway to lymph nodes. ISF and solutes drain from the brain parenchyma to cervical lymph nodes by a separate route along 100-150 nm wide basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries. This pathway is too narrow for the migration of APC so it is unlikely that APC traffic directly from brain parenchyma to lymph nodes by this route. We present a model for the pivotal involvement of regional lymph nodes in immunological reactions of the CNS. The role of regional lymph nodes in immune reactions of the CNS in virus infections, the remote influence of the gut microbiota, multiple sclerosis and stroke are discussed. Evidence is presented for the role of cervical lymph nodes in the induction of tolerance and its influence on neuroimmunological reactions. We look to the future by examining how nanoparticle technology will enhance our understanding of CNS-lymph node connections and by reviewing the implications of lymphatic drainage of the brain for diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the CNS ranging from neuroimmunological disorders to dementias. Finally, we review the challenges and opportunities for progress in CNS-lymph node interactions and their involvement in disease processes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.