ArticleJournal of neuroscience research2013
Microglia express distinct M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in the postnatal and adult central nervous system in male and female mice.
Article in Journal of neuroscience research, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 208 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
208 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 337 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stress and neuroinflammation: a systematic review of the effects of stress on microglia and the implications for mental illness.Psychopharmacology · 2016Pooled it
- Spinal cord injury-derived exosomes exacerbate damage: miR-155-5p mediates inflammatory responses.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sex differences in microglia morphology and function across the lifespan are mediated by the early hormone environment.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Neonatal inflammation induces lasting sex- and region-dependent microglia activation and sex-dependent impairments in chemoreflexes.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Article
- Salidroside-Pretreated Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair After Spinal Cord Injury in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA expression in adult mouse hippocampus.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Microglia reactivity is brain region and sex specific in the context of chronic stress.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Relaxin-2 Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Microglia Activation.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Complement Receptor 3 Regulates Microglial Exosome Release and Related Neurotoxicity via NADPH Oxidase in Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson's Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Dissection of Neurochemical Pathways Across Complexity and Scale.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Microglia Promote Lymphangiogenesis Around the Spinal Cord Through VEGF-C/VEGFR3-Dependent Autophagy and Polarization After Acute Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Decoding Microglial Polarization and Metabolic Reprogramming in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications for Disease Progression and Therapy.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Exploring SERPINA3 as a neuroinflammatory modulator in Alzheimer's disease with sex and regional brain variations.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Emerging Insights into the Role of Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- The KCa3.1 Channel Blocker TRAM-34 and Minocycline Prevent Fructose-Induced Hypertension in Rats.American journal of hypertension · 2024Article
- Acute postnatal inflammation alters adult microglial responses to LPS that are sex-, region- and timing of postnatal inflammation-dependent.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Magnetic stirring with iron oxide nanospinners accretes neurotoxic AβMaterials today. Bio · 2024Article
- Microglial responses to inflammatory challenge in adult rats altered by developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in a sex-specific manner.Neurotoxicology · 2024Article
- Acute Postnatal Inflammation Alters Adult Microglial Responses to LPS that Are Sex-, Region- and Timing of Postnatal Inflammation-Dependent.Research square · 2024Article
- A Cellular Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Study the Therapeutic Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Microglial Activation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
148 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although microglial activation is associated with all CNS disorders, many of which are sexually dimorphic or age-dependent, little is known about whether microglial basal gene expression is altered with age in the healthy CNS or whether it is sex dependent. Analysis of microglia from the brains of 3-day (P3)- to 12-month-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice revealed distinct gene expression profiles during postnatal development that differ significantly from those in adulthood. Microglia at P3 are characterized by relatively high iNOS, TNFα and arginase-I mRNA levels, whereas P21 microglia have increased expression of CD11b, TLR4, and FcRγI. Adult microglia (2-4 months) are characterized by low proinflammatory cytokine expression, which increases by 12 months of age. Age-dependent differences in gene expression suggest that microglia likely undergo phenotypic changes during ontogenesis, although in the healthy brain they did not express exclusively either M1 or M2 phenotypic markers at any time. Interestingly, microglia were sexually dimorphic only at P3, when females had higher expression of inflammatory cytokines than males, although there were no sex differences in estrogen receptor expression at this or any other time evaluated here. Compared with microglia in vivo, primary microglia prepared from P3 mice had considerably altered gene expression, with higher levels of TNFα, CD11b, arginase-I, and VEGF, suggesting that culturing may significantly alter microglial properties. In conclusion, age- and sex-specific variances in basal gene expression may allow differential microglial responses to the same stimulus at different ages, perhaps contributing to altered CNS vulnerabilities and/or disease courses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.