ReviewPhysiology & behavior2013
Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test.
Review in Physiology & behavior, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 189 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
189 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 445 citations in OpenAlex.
- "The wrong tools for the right job": a critical meta-analysis of traditional tests to assess behavioural impacts of maternal separation.Psychopharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like model in mice: meta-analysis and systematic evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pharmacological manipulations of judgement bias: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2020Pooled it
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- Neurotropic potential and docking investigations of newly synthesized triazolopyridine and triazolothienopyridine derivatives.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Development and characterization of a reserpine-induced mouse model of depression: An integrated in-vivo and in-silico approach.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Variation in cocaine responses across genetically diverse mouse strains.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Behavioral Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Swiss Mice.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Vascular integrity and immune infiltration in SCI pain: Can exercise tip the balance?Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Malathion-induced neurological alterations associated with dysregulation of RORγt/STAT3/IL-17 and FOXP3/STAT5/IL-10 pathways: potential neuroprotective effects of BCG.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Preclinical Evidence for Antidepressant-like Effects of Histamine H3 Receptor Modulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Syn III participated in rTMS-modulated emotional rescue in the prefrontal cortex under simulated space composite environment.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Antidepressant-like effect of hydroxytyrosol in a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium model of Parkinson's disease in rats.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Amygdala-hippocampus circuit regulates stress coping via mGluR5-dependent BDNF signaling.Molecules and cells · 2026Article
- Mas Knockout Mice Present Altered Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Coping Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Stress.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Vortioxetine on Global DNA Methylation in Maternal and Offspring Rats and In Silico Molecular Docking to Key Epigenetic Enzymes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Channel-specific differential effects of bacterial mechanosensitive channels for ultrasound neuromodulation in precision sonogenetics.Theranostics · 2026Article
129 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs. A modified version of the FST added the classification of active behaviors into swimming and climbing, in order to facilitate the differentiation between serotonergic and noradrenergic classes of antidepressant drugs. The FST is now widely used in basic research and the pharmaceutical screening of potential antidepressant treatments. It is also one of the most commonly used tests to assess depressive-like behavior in animal models. Despite the simplicity and sensitivity of the FST procedure, important differences even in baseline immobility rates have been reported between different groups, which complicate the comparison of results across studies. In spite of several methodological papers and reviews published on the FST, the need still exists for clarification of factors which can influence the procedure. While most recent reviews have focused on antidepressant effects observed with the FST, this one considers the methodological aspects of the procedure, aiming to summarize issues beyond antidepressant action in the FST. The previously published literature is analyzed for factors which are known to influence animal behavior in the FST. These include biological factors, such as strain, age, body weight, gender and individual differences between animals; influence of preconditioning before the FST: handling, social isolation or enriched environment, food manipulations, various kinds of stress, endocrine manipulations and surgery; schedule and routes of treatment, dosage and type of the drugs as well as experimental design and laboratory environmental effects. Consideration of these factors in planning experiments may result in more consistent FST results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.