ArticleStudies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences2013
Biological races in humans.
Article in Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development and psychometric evaluation of a new genetic attitudes questionnaire in two national samples of United States residents.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Race realism goes both ways.History and philosophy of the life sciences · 2025Article
- Impediments to countering racist pseudoscience.Evolutionary human sciences · 2025Article
- Genes, culture, and scientific racism.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Epidemiological approaches to multivariable models of health inequity: A study of race, rurality, and occupation during the COVID-19 pandemic.Annals of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Acknowledging more biodiversity without more species.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Neural processes of inhibitory control in American Indian peoples are associated with reduced mental health problems.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2023Article
- Embedded racism: Inequitable niche construction as a neglected evolutionary process affecting health.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2023Review
- Let's Not Repeat History's Mistakes: Two Cautions to Scientists on the Use of Race in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias Research.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Review
- Five recommendations for using large-scale publicly available data to advance health among American Indian peoples: the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudyNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Review
- Race and Ethnicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2022Review
- A Complete Review of Mexican Plants with Teratogenic Effects.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The distinct impacts of race and genetic ancestry on health.Nature medicine · 2022Article
- Re-situations of scientific knowledge: a case study of a skirmish over clusters vs clines in human population genomics.History and philosophy of the life sciences · 2022Article
- The impact of socioeconomic and phenotypic traits on self-perception of ethnicity in Latin America.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The quagmire of race, genetic ancestry, and health disparities.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Review
- Race and genetics versus 'race' in genetics: A systematic review of the use of African ancestry in genetic studies.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2021Review
- Context-dependence of race self-classification: Results from a highly mixed and unequal middle-income country.PloS one · 2019Article
- Genes, Race, and Causation: US Public Perspectives About Racial Difference.Race and social problems · 2018Article
- Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Races may exist in humans in a cultural sense, but biological concepts of race are needed to access their reality in a non-species-specific manner and to see if cultural categories correspond to biological categories within humans. Modern biological concepts of race can be implemented objectively with molecular genetic data through hypothesis-testing. Genetic data sets are used to see if biological races exist in humans and in our closest evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee. Using the two most commonly used biological concepts of race, chimpanzees are indeed subdivided into races but humans are not. Adaptive traits, such as skin color, have frequently been used to define races in humans, but such adaptive traits reflect the underlying environmental factor to which they are adaptive and not overall genetic differentiation, and different adaptive traits define discordant groups. There are no objective criteria for choosing one adaptive trait over another to define race. As a consequence, adaptive traits do not define races in humans. Much of the recent scientific literature on human evolution portrays human populations as separate branches on an evolutionary tree. A tree-like structure among humans has been falsified whenever tested, so this practice is scientifically indefensible. It is also socially irresponsible as these pictorial representations of human evolution have more impact on the general public than nuanced phrases in the text of a scientific paper. Humans have much genetic diversity, but the vast majority of this diversity reflects individual uniqueness and not race.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.