ArticleBMC medicine2013
Depression as a non-causal variable risk marker in coronary heart disease.
Article in BMC medicine, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- The contribution of major depression to the global burden of ischemic heart disease: a comparative risk assessment.BMC medicine · 2013Pooled it
- Association between dyslipidemia and depression: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data from 2007 to 2018.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Construction and Validation of a Nomogram Predicting Depression Risk in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Coronary Stenting: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2023Article
- Depression Status, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Factors With Subsequent Risk for Major Cardiovascular Events: The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Longitudinal association between cognitive depressive symptoms and D-dimer levels in patients following acute myocardial infarction.Clinical cardiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Article
- Significance of psychosocial factors in cardiology: update 2018 : Position paper of the German Cardiac Society.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2019Review
- The role of vital exhaustion in predicting the recurrence of vascular events: A longitudinal study.International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP · 2019Article
- Observational
- Psychological Aspects of Cardiac Care and Rehabilitation: Time to Wake Up to Sleep?Current cardiology reports · 2015Review
- Psychological distress, cardiovascular complications and mortality among people with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: follow-up of the ADDITION-Denmark trial.Diabetologia · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAfter decades of investigations, explanations for the prospective association between depression and coronary heart disease (CHD) are still incomplete. DISCUSSION: Depression is often suggested to be causally related to CHD. Based on the available literature, we would rather argue that depression can best be regarded as a variable risk marker, that is, a variable that fluctuates together with mechanisms leading to poor cardiovascular fitness. Despite numerous efforts, no evidence is found that manipulation of depression alters cardiovascular outcomes--a key premise for determining causality. To explain the concept of a variable risk marker, we discuss several studies on the heterogeneity of depression suggesting that depression is particularly harmful for the course of cardiovascular disease when it appears to be a physiological consequence of the cardiovascular disease itself. SUMMARY: We conclude that instead of depression being a causal risk factor for CHD, the association between depression and CHD is likely confounded, at least by the cardiac disease itself.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.